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INTRODUCTION
As the long-term outcome of surgical treatment for gastric cancer improves, the chance of detecting early residual gastric cancer (RGC) during postoperative follow-up is increasing [1,2]. Reports have shown that duodenogastric reflux and Helicobacter pylori infection are important factors in the development of RGC [3]. In previous studies, RGCs after distal gastrectomy accounted for 1%–8% of all gastric cancers [4,5]. Thus, the demand for RGC treatment is increasing.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is considered minimally invasive and curative in treating superficial gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal, gastric, and colonic cancers [6]. ESD provides high rates of en bloc and complete resection, regardless of the size or shape of the tumor. Owing to the preservation of function and lower invasiveness of ESD compared to surgical resection, ESD seems desirable for RGCs after distal gastrectomy. However, performing ESD for RGCs is technically challenging due to the limited working space in the remnant stomach and the presence of severe fibrosis and staples under the suture line. Nonetheless, several studies have shown that a high en bloc resection rate was achieved via ESD in the remnant stomach despite technical difficulties [7-11]. However, if the lesion involves an anastomotic site, the technical difficulty is expected to increase. We previously reported that ESD for RGCs in an anastomotic site is more time-consuming and complex than ESD for RGCs at a non-anastomotic site [12].
The three main reconstruction methods used for distal gastrectomy were Billroth I (B-I), Billroth II (B-II), and Rouxen-Y (RY). These methods have been reported to cause different degrees of duodenogastric reflux [13-16], with B-II causing more reflux than the other reconstruction methods. In previous studies, the rates of duodenogastric reflux after B-I, B-II, and RY reconstruction were 56.3%, 75.0%, and 3.7%, respectively [17]. Moreover, anastomotic sites are very susceptible to duodenogastric reflux. Therefore, the differences in reconstruction methods may affect the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of RGCs at the anastomotic site. To our knowledge, no study has clarified this subject. In this retrospective study, we investigated the clinicopathological characteristics and ESD-related outcomes of RGCs at anastomotic sites between B-II and non-B-II reconstruction methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
This study was performed in two tertiary referral centers in Japan, Kobe University Hospital and Kishiwada Tokushukai Hospital. This study involved 25 consecutive patients who underwent ESD for RGCs at the anastomotic sites between June 2003 and March 2020. RGCs at the anastomotic site were defined as lesions that extended to the anastomosis or required resection, including anastomosis. ESD was performed on lesions that met the criteria for endoscopic mucosal resection, as proposed by the Japanese Gastric Cancer Society [18]. The patients’ background, lesion characteristics, and ESD data were prospectively obtained from the database. Regarding the depth of invasion, M was defined as invasion up to the muscularis mucosa, SM1 as submucosal invasion <500 µm from the muscularis mucosa, and SM2 as submucosal invasion ≥500 µm from the muscularis mucosa.
Ethical considerations
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (B200354) and performed according to the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The opt-out method of obtaining consent was used, wherein no patient refused to provide consent.
Assessment of remnant gastritis
We classified the endoscopic grade of remnant gastritis based on previous reports [19]: grade 1, mild redness; grade 2, intermediate grade (between grades 1 and 3); grade 3, severe redness; and grade 4, apparent erosion (Fig. 1). Endoscopic evaluation was performed independently by two endoscopists (Kei Matsumoto and Nobuaki Ikezawa). In case of disagreement in their assessment, the disparity was discussed and resolved. Additionally, remnant gastritis was assessed pathologically based on the criteria of the updated Sydney System for neutrophils and mononuclear cells [20]. Infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells were classified into four grades: 0, absent; 1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, severe (Figs. 2, 3). The pathological evaluations were performed on non-cancerous ESD specimens by a single pathologist without using endoscopic images.
ESD procedure
A conventional endoscope with a single accessory channel (GIFQ240, Q260J; Olympus Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) was used. FlushKnife BT (DK-2618JN; FUJIFILM, Tokyo, Japan) and FlushKnife BTS (DK2620JBS; FUJIFILM, Tokyo, Japan), 2.5 mm in length, were used for the circumferential mucosal incision and submucosal dissection, respectively, of all cases. Moreover, a transparent hood (D-201-10704; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan, 16675; TOP, Tokyo, Japan) was attached to the tip of the endoscope to ensure a clear view. A short ST hood (DH-28GR, Fujifilm, Japan) and a FlushKnife (DK2618JN10, Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan) of 1.0 mm length were partially used, especially in cases with severe fibrosis. VIO 300D (ERBE Elektromedizin, GmbH, Tübingen, Germany) was used as the electrosurgical unit. In cases where intraoperative perforation occurred, endoclips were used to close the perforation. To prevent delayed perforation in cases without intraoperative perforation, post-resection prophylaxis was performed using endoclips or polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheets with fibrin glue, at the operator’s discretion. The procedure time was defined as the time from injection into the submucosal layer to resection of the lesion. All procedures were reviewed and evaluated using recorded videos. When bleeding occurred during ESD, two or three attempts were made to achieve hemostasis using the tip of the endoknives. Then, hemostats were used if bleeding would not stop. The number of bleeding episodes that required hemostats were counted. A difficult case was defined as ESD lasting ≥120 minutes, involving piecemeal resection or perforation during the procedure, according to a previous report [21].
Adverse events
Post-ESD bleeding was defined as bleeding requiring endoscopic hemostasis or other procedures with a hemostatic effect, a >2 g/dL decrease in hemoglobin compared to the latest preoperative hemoglobin level, or other obvious bleeding or massive melena [22]. Perforation was diagnosed endoscopically during ESD or by the presence of free air on plain abdominal radiography or computed tomography scan.
Statistical analysis
Proportions of categorical variables were analyzed using the two-sided Fisher’s exact test and the Chi-square test. Continuous variables were compared using Student’s t-test, and non-continuous variables were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using JMP software version 10 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
RESULTS
Clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes
During the study period, 34 patients (34 lesions) underwent ESD for RGCs at the anastomotic sites. The clinicopathological features of the patients and lesions are shown in Table 1. Of the 34 patients, there were 29 men and five women, and the median age is 74 years (range, 53–84). The types of reconstruction were B-I in 12 patients (35%), B-II in 19 patients (56%), and RY in three patients (9%). The median resected specimen size was 58.5 mm (range, 24–97). The median tumor size was 25 mm (range, 7–70). The depth of invasion was M or SM1 in 26 patients (77%) and SM2 or deeper in eight patients (24%).
The procedure-related parameters of ESD are shown in Table 2. The median operation time was 170 minutes (range, 39–639 minutes). The en bloc resection rate was 94% (32/34), while the en bloc with R0 resection rate was 74% (25/34). The median number of bleeding episodes during ESD was five (range, 0–17). Prophylaxis after resection was performed using endoclips in four patients (12%) and PGA sheets with fibrin glue in eight patients (24%). Seventy-four percent of the cases (25/34) were reported as difficult. In terms of adverse events, intraoperative perforation, delayed bleeding, and delayed perforation occurred in five (15%), four (12%), and one (3%) out of the 34 patients, respectively. Of the five patients with perforation, two patients did not require emergency surgery because the peritonitis was localized and improved with antibiotics. However, the remaining patients underwent emergency surgery for panperitonitis. Moreover, one case of delayed perforation required emergency surgery.
Comparison of clinicopathological features of patients and lesions between the B-II and non-B-II groups
A comparison of the clinical features of patients and lesions between the B-II and non-B-II groups is shown in Table 3. The interval from the previous surgery to the time of RGC resection was significantly longer in the B-II group than in the non-B-II group (35 vs. 7 years; p<0.001). Similarly, the B-II group’s median resected specimen size and tumor size were significantly larger than those in the non-B-II group (p<0.001 and p=0.048, respectively). Pathological evaluation of remnant gastritis tended to show more mononuclear cells in the B-II group than in the non-B-II group, although the difference was not significant (p=0.069). Endoscopic evaluation of remnant gastritis reported more severe gastritis in the B-II group than in the non-B-II group. Moreover, the color and location of the lesions were not significantly different between the two groups. The lesions in both groups were mostly discolored, and a considerable number of them were of the 0-IIa type (Fig. 4).
Comparison of procedure-related parameters between the B-II and non-B-II groups
A comparison of procedure-related parameters between the B-II and non-B-II groups is shown in Table 4. Operation time in the B-II group was significantly longer than that in the non-B-II group (p=0.004). The frequency of bleeding episodes during ESD was significantly higher in the B-II group than in the non-B-II group (p=0.014). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the frequency of adverse events and the number of difficult cases between the two groups.
DISCUSSION
In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of RGCs at the anastomotic sites after distal gastrectomy and the ESD outcomes between the B-II and non-B-II groups. Regarding clinicopathological characteristics, the B-II group had a longer interval from previous surgery and larger lesions than in the non-B-II group. Endoscopic evaluation of remnant gastritis revealed more severe gastritis in the B-II group than in the non-B-II group, and pathological evaluation tended to show more mononuclear cells in the B-II group. Concerning treatment outcome, the operation time was significantly longer, and the frequency of bleeding episodes was significantly higher in the B-II group.
According to the updated Sydney system, neutrophil infiltration is associated with acute inflammation and tissue damage, while mononuclear cell infiltration is indicative of chronic inflammation [20]. Compared to other reconstruction methods, B-II is presumed to result in more profound chronic inflammation due to prolonged and persistent reflux. This may be related to differences in clinicopathological characteristics and ESD outcomes. Larger lesions were observed in the B-II group in this study, and similarly, another study reported that RGCs in B-II were larger than those in B-I [23]. In the anastomosis of B-II, which is severely inflamed and has a narrow lumen, it may have been time-consuming and difficult to identify small-sized tumors due to the redness and bleeding from contact with the scope. Moreover, our data showed a high number of discolored type 0-IIa lesions at the anastomotic site. Thus, noting these findings before passing through the anastomosis may enable the identification of small lesions.
Furthermore, the B-II group had a longer operative time and more frequent bleeding episodes. This may have been due to differences in lesion size and background mucosa. In the submucosa of patients with severe residual gastritis, such as in the B-II group, neovascularization may be induced, causing frequent intraoperative bleeding. Therefore, this may prolong the operative time and predispose the patient to more frequent bleeding episodes. ESD, especially in post-B-II cases, may be more time-consuming than surgery. Nonetheless, since total gastrectomy is required in surgery, ESD is more desirable in terms of postoperative quality of life, even if it takes a longer time.
The duodenal muscular layer is thinner and more fragile than the stomach, which may result in intraoperative and postoperative perforations. In the duodenum, small perforations can progressively widen from exposure to bile and pancreatic juice, eventually leading to severe panperitonitis (Supplemental Fig. 1). To minimize the effect of bile and pancreatic juice, it is important to reduce the extent of duodenal resection and to close the mucosal defect on the duodenal side. Conversely, making an incision close to the lesion on the duodenal side results in an inadequate mucosal flap, and access to the submucosal layer would become more difficult. To overcome the mentioned concerns, we can perform the traction method on the duodenal side and facilitate access to the submucosal layer. The closure of the mucosal defect on the duodenal side after resection can prevent bile and pancreatic juice exposure. Various closure methods, such as methods that utilize endoclips [24,25], the Over-The-Scope Clip system [26], and PGA sheets [27,28] have been recently developed. The closure of at least the duodenal side using one of these methods can reduce the risk of delayed perforation (Supplemental Fig. 2), which occurred in one patient in the B-II group.
This study had some limitations. First, this was a retrospective, single-center study with a limited sample size. Second, we did not evaluate the long-term outcomes of ESD. Third, this study has a selection bias and may not fully characterize RGCs because it only included patients who underwent ESD and excluded surgical or observational cases. Finally, because postoperative examinations were not performed systematically, it was impossible to compare the interval from the previous surgery sufficiently. Despite these limitations, this study seems novel, and the results seem clinically meaningful because the study included the largest number of RGCs at anastomotic sites detected after distal gastrectomy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the impact of different reconstruction methods on the clinicopathological characteristics of RGCs at anastomotic sites after distal gastrectomy and on ESD outcomes.
In conclusion, compared to non-B-II, the RGCs at the anastomotic sites in B-II featured larger lesions with a background of severe remnant gastritis. Compared to ESD in the non-B-II group, ESD in the B-II group was associated with a longer operative time and more frequent bleeding episodes.
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