Journal List > Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol > v.13(2) > 1157803

Lee, Chi, Seok, Han, Lee, Jeong, and Jung: Feasibility of Brachial Plexus Schwannoma Enucleation With Intraoperative Neuromonitoring

Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate the feasibility of brachial plexus schwannoma enucleation under intraoperative neuromonitoring.

Methods

Five patients who were treated for brachial plexus schwannoma under intraoperative neuromonitoring from 2008 to 2018 were included in this retrospective review. Neuromonitoring was performed with a 100-μV event threshold of the neuromonitoring system (NIM-2 or 3) at the deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis muscles. Patient characteristics, tumor size and location, intraoperative neuromonitoring findings, and postoperative function were evaluated.

Results

The intraoperative neuromonitoring findings were in accordance with the preoperative assessment of the included nerve root. Three patients had no postoperative morbidity, one patient had temporary paresthesia of the forearm for 2 months, and one patient mild loss of grip strength for 1 month.

Conclusion

Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the arm and forearm muscles during enucleation of brachial plexus schwannoma promoted confident and successful surgery with minimal postoperative morbidity.

INTRODUCTION

Schwannoma is a benign neuroma composed of Schwann cells, which surround peripheral, cranial, and autonomic nerves. Schwannomas account for only 5% of all benign soft tissue tumors, but as many as 25% to 45% of schwannomas occur in the head and neck [1]. Due to the diversity of nerve function in the head and neck, the signs and symptoms of schwannoma in this region vary according to the nerve of origin and size of the tumor at presentation [2,3]. Because patients with schwannoma of the head and neck generally do not experience symptoms related to the function of the original nerve until the tumor reaches a certain size, the main reason for treatment of schwannoma in this region is a palpable neck mass. The preoperative diagnosis of schwannoma is challenging, as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration all have relatively low accuracy [4,5]. Consequently, a definitive diagnosis is achieved only upon histologic inspection of excised tumor specimens [6].
Primary tumors of the brachial plexus are extremely rare, accounting for no more than 5% of all tumors in the upper extremities [7]. Schwannoma arising in the brachial plexus is always a challenge for the surgeon because of the neuroanatomical complexity of this area. Nonetheless, surgical resection is usually recommended, with enucleation being the preferred operative technique for functional and oncologic safety. Because of the intimate relationship of the tumor with the nerve of origin, it is often difficult to preserve the function of the nerve [8]. This prospect is a stressful one for both the patient and the surgeon, and considering the complexity of the brachial plexus and the potential for surgical morbidity, neuromonitoring may be highly advantageous for identification and preservation of the affected nerve and the surrounding nerves. In this study, we aimed to descriptively analyze surgical outcomes and the feasibility of brachial plexus schwannoma removal under intraoperative neuromonitoring.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ethical considerations

This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB No. 20-2018-42), and a waiver of informed consent was granted due to the retrospective design of the study.

Patients

Five patients who were treated for brachial plexus schwannoma under intraoperative neuromonitoring from 2008 to 2018 were included in this retrospective study. All patients were operated by single surgeon (YHJ) and age, sex, tumor size and location, preoperative symptoms, CT or MRI findings, intraoperative findings, and postoperative function were evaluated and descriptively analyzed to assess the feasibility of schwannoma enucleation under neuromonitoring.

Surgical technique and hospital course

Tumor location and corresponding nerves were assessed according to preoperative imaging findings. Surgery was performed by a transcervical approach with the patient under general anesthesia. Neuromonitoring was performed with a two-channel (one case) or four-channel (four cases) nerve integrity monitor (NIM-2 or -3, Medtronic, Memphis, TN, USA). The two-channel monitor (NIM-2) could be used to monitor two muscles. When using the four-channel device (NIM-3), electrodes were placed in the muscles of upper arm and forearm, including deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis (Fig. 1) and patients underwent continuous electromyography (EMG) during the surgery. Position of electrodes can be changed according to the location of mass. Neck, shoulder, and arm were exposed (without skin preparation with antiseptics) to observed muscle twitching during the operation (Fig. 2A). In addition, a unipolar stimulating probe was used to stimulate the tumor or the nerves before enucleation of the mass, and, with the aim of minimizing any postoperative functional deficit, enucleation was started only after the monitored muscles showed no response to stimulation of the mass up to a level of 1.0 mA (Fig. 2B and C). In this manner, the surgeon was able to locate, identify, and map particular nerves and branches, and to decide the extent of enucleation. Nerve function and integrity after enucleation could also be checked (Fig. 2D). After the mass was excised, the surgical bed was irrigated with normal saline and a negative-pressure drain was inserted. Patients were discharged on the second day after removal of the drain.

RESULTS

The five cases analyzed are summarized in Table 1. Four male and one female patients were included. The chief complaint of all patients was a neck mass. All patients underwent surgery using the technique described above (Supplementary Figs. 1-5), and no patients had neurologic symptoms associated with the brachial plexus. The size of the tumor in cases 1–5 was 2, 1.6, 1.8, 6, and 5.5 cm, respectively. The tumor originated from the cord in two patients, the trunk in one patient, and the root in two patients. The two tumors originating from the root were larger than the others.
With neuromonitoring, one patient (case 1) did not show a response in the monitored muscles upon stimulation of the tumor. Cases 2 and 3 showed a response in the biceps brachii muscle, case 4 showed a response in the triceps brachii muscle, and case 5 showed responses in the diaphragm, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii muscles. Two patients experienced a temporary neurologic deficit: case 1 with mild motor dysfunction on grasping, which recovered in 1 month, and case 4 with sensory dysfunction of the forearm, which recovered in 2 months.

DISCUSSION

The brachial plexus is a nerve plexus formed by the anterior rami of the lower four cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve. It is responsible for the motor innervation of the muscles of the upper extremity, and it can be divided into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches (Fig. 1). The terminal branches of the brachial plexus are the musculocutaneous nerve, the axillary nerve, the radial nerve, the median nerve, and the ulnar nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis; the axillary nerve innervates the deltoid and teres minor; and the radial nerve innervates the triceps brachii, brachioradialis, anconeus, and the extensor muscles of the posterior arm and forearm.
Injury to the brachial plexus can result in severe motor and sensory dysfunction, with correspondingly diminished quality of life. Numerous studies conducted over the course of almost 50 years have described treatment outcomes and therapeutic approaches in patients with tumors of the brachial plexus, and postoperative functional deficits have been reported in 16% to 50% of cases [9,10]. Although there was a small number of patients in our study, none experienced permanent neurologic deficits after surgery. The rate of temporary postoperative neurologic dysfunction was 40% (2 of 5; 1 each of motor and sensory dysfunction) (Table 1). Both of those patients reported minimal discomfort, and both recovered within 2 months.
Enucleation is an important procedure for preserving nerve function in the brachial plexus, and enucleation of schwannoma in the brachial plexus has been reported previously [11-13]. Surgical outcomes of enucleation of brachial schwannoma have been reported, and the risk of complete nerve injury was about 10%–20%. Lee et al. [14] reported that 15% of patients had sensory changes and 10% had motor deficits immediately postoperatively; however, their deficits had improved at the last follow-up. Kehoe et al. [10], Ganju et al. [9], and Huang et al. [15] also reported postoperative problems in 17%, 22%, and 22% of patients, respectively. However, intracapsular incision and enucleation can be difficult at times, and extracapsular excision can damage the normal fascicles during dissection of the capsule. We managed this challenge by using intraoperative neuromonitoring and by making a longitudinal incision on the tumor capsule where there were fewer neural fascicles. We used the NIM device to assess neurologic function before and after removing the tumor in order to differentiate functional and nonfunctional tissues. When intraoperative EMG confirmed that an entrapped fascicle was nonfunctional, the fascicle could be resected with the tumor. In contrast, small pieces of tumor that were tightly adhered to a functional fascicle could be left unresected.
Intraoperative neuromonitoring is now widely used in head and neck surgical procedures, including mastoidectomy, parotidectomy, and thyroidectomy [16-18]. The technique provides benefits throughout the procedure by facilitating identification of the nerve, minimizing trauma to the nerve during dissection, and allowing final confirmation of neural integrity at the end of surgery. Our study demonstrated that intraoperative neuromonitoring during the enucleation of brachial plexus schwannoma is feasible and may be beneficial for the preservation of nerve function.
Intraoperative neuromonitoring enables the surgeon, especially the novice, to be confident during a procedure around a nerve. In procedures in which the identification of the nerve is paramount, such as thyroidectomy and parotidectomy, monitoring is essential, and although some controversy remains, intraoperative neuromonitoring may also be beneficial for bulky tumors and revision surgery, where dissection and direct visualization alone may prove insufficient. Moreover, intraoperative neuromonitoring has been associated with shorter operation times and higher levels of patient satisfaction [19,20]. A recent survey indicated that the most common reasons for using intraoperative neuromonitoring were to help identify the nerve, followed by medicolegal concerns and increased safety [21]. However, in enucleation of brachial plexus schwannoma, we think that the major advantage of intraoperative neuromonitoring is not nerve identification, because the mass can easily be found before identification of the brachial plexus. Instead, intraoperative neuromonitoring in this procedure is most beneficial for dissection around the nerves.
In thyroidectomy, the association of intraoperative neuromonitoring and the occurrence of postoperative vocal cord paralysis is significant because infrequent institutional use of intraoperative neuromonitoring has been correlated with higher rates of vocal cord paralysis [22]. In addition, better results of detailed voice parameters have been reported after surgery performed under intraoperative neuromonitoring [23]. The NIM system emits an audible signal and shows an EMG signal change even under subtle stimulation, such as traction or heating, that can cause nerve damage, which may be useful to prevent even minor trauma to the nerves. In most circumstances, as in our study, surgeons can halt the procedure to minimize the risk of injury to the relevant nerves when the NIM system indicates impending trauma and then resume the operation after confirming the safety of the nerve. We recommend draping the entire arm during surgery involving the brachial plexus to allow direct visualization of muscle stimulation (Fig. 2).
Despite its advantages in terms of early postoperative functional outcomes, most studies of intraoperative neuromonitoring lack long-term outcomes. A systematic review of parotidectomy revealed that intraoperative neuromonitoring decreased the risk of immediate postoperative facial nerve weakness, but did not appear to influence the final outcome of permanent facial nerve weakness [16]. Intraoperative neuromonitoring provides real-time feedback to reduce the occurrence of blunt trauma to the facial nerve and its branches, which may occur as a result of nerve manipulation, dissection, electrocautery, and instrumentation. By doing so, monitoring makes it more likely that nerves will recover from partial injury, but it should not increase the already high yield of identifying the trunk of the nerve and its major branches; therefore, monitoring should not be necessary to prevent complete transection of the nerve.
Although our study has the limitations of a small number of enrolled patients and a lack of sensory monitoring, it is the first to report the feasibility of intraoperative neuromonitoring during enucleation of brachial plexus schwannoma. Intraoperative neuromonitoring may help to reduce the risk of an early postoperative functional deficit. A further study with a larger cohort may clarify the advantages of intraoperative neuromonitoring in the surgical treatment of patients with brachial plexus schwannoma.

HIGHLIGHTS

▪ This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of brachial plexus schwannoma enucleation under intraoperative neuromonitoring.
▪ Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the arm and forearm muscles during enucleation of brachial plexus schwannoma promoted confident and successful surgery with minimal postoperative morbidity.
▪ This is the first study to elucidate the benefits of applying intraoperative neuromonitoring in brachial schwannoma enucleation.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: YHJ. Data curation: JYC, DYL. Formal analysis: JYC, DYL, YHJ. Methodology: JS, SH, MHL. Visualization: DYL, JYC, JS, YHJ. Writing original draft: DYL, JYC, YHJ. Writing review & editing: WJJ, YHJ.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Fig. 1.
Case 1 was a 62-year-old man with a brachial plexus schwannoma originating from the C8 root. (A) Preoperative MRI (axial). (B) Preoperative MRI (coronal). (C) Draping for exposure of neck and arm. (D) Intraoperative findings. Arrowhead (A), brachial plexus schwannoma in axial section; arrowhead (B), brachial plexus schwannoma in coronal section. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
ceo-2019-01207-suppl1.pdf
Supplementary Fig. 2.
Case 2 was a 59-year-old man with a brachial plexus schwannoma originating from the C5/6 trunk. (A) Preoperative MRI (axial). (B) Preoperative MRI (coronal). (C) Intraoperative findings. Arrowhead (A), brachial plexus schwannoma in axial section; arrowhead (B), brachial plexus schwannoma in coronal section. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
ceo-2019-01207-suppl2.pdf
Supplementary Fig. 3.
Case 3 was a 53-year-old man with a brachial plexus schwannoma originating from the lateral cord. (A) Preoperative CT scan (axial). (B) Preoperative CT scan (coronal). (C) Intraoperative nerve stimulation with unipolar probe. (D) Intraoperative findings after enucleation of schwannoma. Arrowhead (A), brachial plexus schwannoma in axial section; arrowhead (B), brachial plexus schwannoma in coronal section. CT, computed tomography.
ceo-2019-01207-suppl3.pdf
Supplementary Fig. 4.
Case 4 was a 48-year-old woman with a brachial plexus schwannoma originating from the C7 root. (A) Preoperative CT scan (axial). (B) Preoperative CT scan (coronal). (C) Exposure of schwannoma. (D) Intraoperative findings after enucleation of schwannoma. Arrowhead (A), brachial plexus schwannoma in axial section; arrowhead (B), brachial plexus schwannoma in coronal section. CT, computed tomography.
ceo-2019-01207-suppl4.pdf
Supplementary Fig. 5.
Case 5 was a 56-year-old man with a brachial plexus schwannoma originating from the C6 root. (A) Preoperative MRI (axial). (B) Preoperative MRI (coronal). (C) Exposure of schwannoma. (D) Gross specimen of schwannoma. Arrowhead (A), brachial plexus schwannoma in axial section; arrowhead (B), brachial plexus schwannoma in coronal section. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
ceo-2019-01207-suppl5.pdf

REFERENCES

1. Biswas D, Marnane CN, Mal R, Baldwin D. Extracranial head and neck schwannomas: a 10-year review. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2007; Sep. 34(3):353–9.
2. Moukarbel RV, Sabri AN. Current management of head and neck schwannomas. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005; 13(2):117–22.
crossref
3. Shrikrishna BH, Jyothi AC, Kulkarni NH, Mazhar MS. Extracranial head and neck schwannomas: our experience. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016; Jun. 68(2):241–7.
crossref
4. Zhang H, Cai C, Wang S, Liu H, Ye Y, Chen X. Extracranial head and neck schwannomas: a clinical analysis of 33 patients. Laryngoscope. 2007; Feb. 117(2):278–81.
crossref
5. Liu HL, Yu SY, Li GK, Wei WI. Extracranial head and neck Schwannomas: a study of the nerve of origin. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011; Sep. 268(9):1343–7.
crossref
6. Yasumatsu R, Nakashima T, Miyazaki R, Segawa Y, Komune S. Diagnosis and management of extracranial head and neck schwannomas: a review of 27 cases. Int J Otolaryngol. 2013; 2013:973045.
crossref
7. Jia X, Yang J, Chen L, Yu C, Kondo T. Primary Brachial plexus tumors: clinical experiences of 143 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016; Sep. 148:91–5.
crossref
8. Valentino J, Boggess MA, Ellis JL, Hester TO, Jones RO. Expected neurologic outcomes for surgical treatment of cervical neurilemomas. Laryngoscope. 1998; Jul. 108(7):1009–13.
crossref
9. Ganju A, Roosen N, Kline DG, Tiel RL. Outcomes in a consecutive series of 111 surgically treated plexal tumors: a review of the experience at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. J Neurosurg. 2001; Jul. 95(1):51–60.
crossref
10. Kehoe NJ, Reid RP, Semple JC. Solitary benign peripheral-nerve tumours: review of 32 years’ experience. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995; May. 77(3):497–500.
crossref
11. Adani R, Baccarani A, Guidi E, Tarallo L. Schwannomas of the upper extremity: diagnosis and treatment. Chir Organi Mov. 2008; Sep. 92(2):85–8.
crossref
12. Park MJ, Seo KN, Kang HJ. Neurological deficit after surgical enucleation of schwannomas of the upper limb. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009; Nov. 91(11):1482–6.
crossref
13. Russell SM. Preserve the nerve: microsurgical resection of peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Neurosurgery. 2007; Sep. 61(3 Suppl):113–7.
crossref
14. Lee HJ, Kim JH, Rhee SH, Gong HS, Baek GH. Is surgery for brachial plexus schwannomas safe and effective. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014; Jun. 472(6):1893–8.
crossref
15. Huang JH, Zaghloul K, Zager EL. Surgical management of brachial plexus region tumors. Surg Neurol. 2004; Apr. 61(4):372–8.
crossref
16. Sood AJ, Houlton JJ, Nguyen SA, Gillespie MB. Facial nerve monitoring during parotidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015; Apr. 152(4):631–7.
crossref
17. Hu J, Fleck TR, Xu J, Hsu JV, Xu HX. Contemporary changes with the use of facial nerve monitoring in chronic ear surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014; Sep. 151(3):473–7.
crossref
18. Bacuzzi A, Dralle H, Randolph GW, Chiang FY, Kim HY, Barczynski M, et al. Safety of continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring (C-IONM) in thyroid surgery. World J Surg. 2016; Mar. 40(3):768–9.
crossref
19. Grosheva M, Klussmann JP, Grimminger C, Wittekindt C, Beutner D, Pantel M, et al. Electromyographic facial nerve monitoring during parotidectomy for benign lesions does not improve the outcome of postoperative facial nerve function: a prospective two-center trial. Laryngoscope. 2009; Dec. 119(12):2299–305.
crossref
20. Eisele DW, Wang SJ, Orloff LA. Electrophysiologic facial nerve monitoring during parotidectomy. Head Neck. 2010; Mar. 32(3):399–405.
crossref
21. Lowry TR, Gal TJ, Brennan JA. Patterns of use of facial nerve monitoring during parotid gland surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005; Sep. 133(3):313–8.
crossref
22. Chung TK, Rosenthal EL, Porterfield JR, Carroll WR, Richman J, Hawn MT. Examining national outcomes after thyroidectomy with nerve monitoring. J Am Coll Surg. 2014; Oct. 219(4):765–70.
crossref
23. Baek SK, Lee K, Oh D, Kang SH, Kwon SY, Woo JS, et al. Efficiency of intraoperative neuromonitoring on voice outcomes after thyroid surgery. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2017; Oct. 44(5):583–59.
crossref

Fig. 1.
Schematic diagram of the muscles to be monitored, their innervation, and the locations of the tumor in five cases. The table describes the innervation of the arm and the muscles controlled by each of the nerves.
ceo-2019-01207f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Surgical technique. Exposure of the shoulder and arm is essential because muscle twitching can be observed during nerve stimulation (A). Neuromonitoring was performed with a two-channel (one case) or four-channel (four cases) nerve integrity monitor (NIM-2 or -3, Medtronic, Memphis, TN, USA) and a unipolar stimulating probe was used to stimulate the tumor or the nerves before identification and enucleation of the mass (B, C). After enucleation of the tumor, stimulation of the nerve was performed to confirm neural integrity (D).
ceo-2019-01207f2.tif
Table 1.
Summary of five cases
Case Sex Age (yr) Preoperative finding Origin Muscles monitored Muscles stimulated around the tumor Postoperative outcome
1 Male 62 Neck mass, neck pain Medial cord (C8) Biceps brachii, brachioradialis - Mild motor dysfunction on grasping for 1 month
2 Male 59 Neck mass Upper trunk (C5/6) Deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis Biceps brachii No neurologic deficit
3 Male 53 Neck mass Lateral cord (C5/6/7) Deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis Biceps brachii No neurologic deficit
4 Female 48 Neck mass compressing the lung C7 root Deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis Triceps brachii Temporary paresthesia of forearm for 2 months
5 Male 56 Neck mass C6 root Deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis Diaphragm, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii No neurologic deficit
TOOLS
Similar articles