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Hyoung-seop Park
, Jung-Sug Lee
, Jung-Sug Lee
Abstract
Purpose
We evaluate the influence of the types of coffee beverage on obesity and abdominal obesity in Korean adults who were aged 19 years or over by using the 2013 ~ 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
Methods
Specific questions were asked about frequency of coffee intake, the type of coffee beverage, the addition of milk and/or sugar to coffee by using the food frequency questionnaire of the 2013 ~ 2016 KNHANES.
Results
We found that coffee intake increased the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity. After multivariable adjustment, coffee consumption increased the risk of obesity by 1.30 (95% CI: 1.08 ~ 1.57) in the group that drank coffee twice a day, and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.11 ~ 1.60) in the people who drank coffee ≥3 times a day as compared to that of the non-coffee intake group. The risk of abdominal obesity increased to 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02 ~ 1.57) in the < 1 time/day coffee drinking group, 1.34 (95% CI: 1.08 ~ 1.66) in the 1 time/day coffee drinking group, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.09 ~ 1.67) in the 2 times/day coffee drinking group, and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.14 ~ 1.72) in the ≥ 3 times/day coffee drinking group as compared to that of the non-coffee drinking group. The influence of black coffee intake was different according to gender: males showed a high prevalence of abdominal obesity and females showed a high prevalence of obesity. Mixed coffee consumption increased the risk of obesity and abdominal obesity by more than 34% in men who consumed coffee more than 3 times a day and in women who consumed coffee more than 2 times per day.
Figures and Tables
Table 1
General characteristic according to daily coffee intake frequency
1) n (%)
2) p value by χ2 test
3) Mean ± SE
4) Current drinker: People who drink more than once a month
5) Current smoker: People who had smoked more than 5 packs of cigarette (= 100 cigarettes) for lifetime or now smoking
6) Current activity: This is the case of exercising more than 2 hours 30 minutes of middle intensity physical activity or more than 1 hour 15 minutes of high intensity physical activity in a week
a b c: significantly different at α = 0.05 by turkey's test
Table 2
Logistic regression analysis among daily intake frequency of coffee, obesity and abdominal obesity
1) Adjusted for sex (male, female), occupation (administrator · expert and relate to worker, office job, service and sale worker, agriculture · forestry and fishery worker, engineer and equipment · machine · operation · assembly worker, non occupation (include housewife and student), household income (low, mid-low, high-mid, high), education (elementary school or lower, middle school, high school, college or higher), smoking amount (non-smoker, 1 ~ 9, 10, 11 ~ 19, over 20), alcohol drinking (drinker, non-drinker), aerobic activity (activity, non-activity), age, energy intake
2) n (%)
3) Odds ratio (95% confidence intervals)
Table 3
Logistic regression analysis among daily intake frequency of black coffee, obesity and abdominal obesity
1) Adjusted for sex (male, female), occupation (administrator · expert and relate to worker, office job, service and sale worker, agriculture · forestry and fishery worker, engineer and equipment · machine · operation · assembly worker, non occupation (include housewife and student), household income (low, mid-low, high-mid, high), education (elementary school or lower, middle school, high school, college or higher), smoking amount (non-smoker, 1 ~ 9, 10, 11 ~ 19, over 20), alcohol drinking (drinker, non-drinker), aerobic activity (activity, non-activity), age, energy intake
2) n (%)
3) Odds ratio (95% confidence intervals)
Table 4
Logistic regression analysis among daily intake frequency of mix coffee, obesity and abdominal obesity
1) Adjusted for sex (male, female), occupation (administrator · expert and relate to worker, office job, service and sale worker, agriculture · forestry and fishery worker, engineer and equipment · machine · operation · assembly worker, non occupation (include housewife and student), household income (low, mid-low, high-mid, high), education (elementary school or lower, middle school, high school, college or higher), smoking amount (non-smoker, 1 ~ 9, 10, 11 ~ 19, over 20), alcohol drinking (drinker, non-drinker), aerobic activity (activity, non-activity), age, energy intake
2) n (%)
3) Odds ratio (95% confidence intervals)
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