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Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a customized health promotion program (CHPP) on depression, cognitive functioning, and physical health of elderly women living alone in the community.
Methods
A randomized comparison of pre-and post-test design was used with 62 participants assigned to either an intervention (n=32 in seven clusters) or a control group (n=30 in seven clusters) in 14 areas of a town. The final sample included 30 intervention participants who completed the CHPP for 10 weeks, and 26 control participants. The intervention group participated in the CHPP weekly; they were provided with instructions about coping with their chronic illnesses, lifestyle modification, risk management, providing emotional support to each other, and floor-seated exercise, which they were encouraged to do three times a week in their homes.
Results
Significant group differences were found in depression (U=48.50, p<.001), cognitive functioning (U=2.50, p<.001), left arm flexibility (U=251.50, p=.023), right arm flexibility (U=225.00, p=.007), static balance (U=237.00, p=.012), and gait ability (U=190.50, p=.004). However, there were no significant differences in bothgrip strength and muscle mass between the two groups.
References
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Table 1.
Customized Health Promotion Program
Table 2.
Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics and Variables (N=56)
| Characteristics/Variables | Con. (n=26) | Exp. (n=30) | χ2 or U† | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD or n (%) Shapiro–Wilk statistic (p) | M±SD or n (%) Shapiro-Wilk statistic (p) | |||
| Age (yr) | 78.5±4.02 | 77.2±4.70 | 360.00 | .552 |
| Education | 3.42 | .489 | ||
| Illiteracy | 8 (30.8) | 14 (46.7) | ||
| Elementary school | 13 (50.0) | 9 (30.0) | ||
| ≥Middle school | 5 (19.2) | 7 (23.3) | ||
| Religion | 2.42 | .657 | ||
| Yes | 19 (73.1) | 19 (63.3) | ||
| No | 7 (26.9) | 11 (36.7) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | 0.09 | .763 | ||
| Yes | 2 (7.7) | 3 (10.0) | ||
| No | 24 (92.3) | 27 (90.0) | ||
| Smoking | 2.74 | .097 | ||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 3 (10.0) | ||
| No | 26 (100.0) | 27 (90.0) | ||
| Perceived health status | 3.75 | .441 | ||
| Healthy | 3 (11.5) | 6 (20.0) | ||
| Moderate | 9 (34.6) | 6 (20.0) | ||
| Not healthy | 14 (53.9) | 18 (60.0) | ||
| GDSSF-K | 10.31±2.62 | 10.73±2.03 | 386.00 | .947 |
| .84 (.001) | .92 (.034) | |||
| MMSE-K | 22.92±1.09 | 22.67±2.06 | 330.00 | .486 |
| .92 (.074) | .92 (.036) | |||
| Muscle mass (%) | 18.67±2.01 | 19.74±5.44 | 357.50 | .742 |
| .27 (<.001) | .51 (<.001) | |||
| G.S. | ||||
| Left (kg) | 17.49±3.91 | 16.37±4.80 | 347.00 | .480 |
| .96 (.501) | .94 (.105) | |||
| Right (kg) | 18.31±5.28 | 16.59±4.79 | 352.50 | .538 |
| .81 (<.001) | .94 (.111) | |||
| A.F. | ||||
| Left (cm) | 22.15±11.00 | 22.75±12.66 | 371.50 | .761 |
| .96 (.581) | .92 (.032) | |||
| Right (cm) | 18.75±9.00 | 20.07±13.10 | 364.50 | .675 |
| .93 (.121) | .85 (.001) | |||
| S.B. (sec) | 6.96±7.04 | 7.46±7.94 | 380.00 | .870 |
| .66 (<.001) | .70 (<.001) | |||
| G.A. (sec) | 5.98±0.84 | 6.03±1.60 | 331.50 | .336 |
| .92 (.074) | .87 (.002) |
Table 3.
Differences in Dependent Variables between Groups (N=56)
| Variables | Cont. (n=26) | Exp. (n=30) | After intervention between groups difference M±SD | U†† (p) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre - Post difference M±SD | W† (p) | Pre - Post difference M±SD | W† (p) | |||
| GDSSF-K | 0.54±1.30 | -1.92 (.054) | -5.80±2.17 | -4.79 (<.001) | 5.92±0.66 | 48.50 (<.001) |
| MMSE-K | 0.19±1.13 | -0.88 (.379) | 5.30±2.18 | -4.79 (<.001) | -4.85±0.34 | 2.50 (<.001) |
| Muscle mass (%) | -5.66±28.08 | -0.94 (.347) | -1.16±4.97 | -1.77 (.076) | -0.03±0.69 | 363.00 (.813) |
| G.S. | ||||||
| Left (kg) | -0.12±3.44 | -0.32 (.747) | 0.43±4.43 | -0.08 (.931) | 0.58±1.31 | 369.50 (.736) |
| Right (kg) | -0.56±4.28 | -0.32 (.747) | -0.21±4.22 | -0.41 (.681) | 1.37±1.12 | 346.50 (.474) |
| A.F. | ||||||
| Left (cm) | -0.38±4.08 | -0.73 (.465) | -7.27±4.59 | -4.70 (<.001) | 6.29±2.63 | 251.50 (.023) |
| Right (cm) | 1.82±6.22 | -1.20 (.229) | -5.74±6.07 | -4.26 (<.001) | 6.23±2.38 | 225.00 (.007) |
| S.B. (sec) | 0.13±6.15 | -0.77 (.439) | 3.42±10.13 | -1.98 (.047) | -3.79±2.80 | 237.00 (.012) |
| G.A. (sec) | -0.06±1.33 | -0.87 (.381) | -1.31±1.83 | -3.47 (.001) | 1.20±0.33 | 190.50 (.004) |
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