Journal List > Korean J Community Nutr > v.24(2) > 1122136

Kim, Kim, Kwon, and Park: Food and Nutrient Intake Level by the Risk of Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women: The use of the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2010–2011)

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the food, nutrient intake, and diet quality of postmenopausal women at high risk of osteoporosis (OP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with those of control subjects.

Methods

A total of 1,131 post-menopausal women aged over 45 years, who took the 2010–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), were included for analysis. These participants were classified into the following groups: the OP group, with a risk of OP (n=135); the CVD group, with a risk of CVD (n=373); the OP+CVD group, with a risk of OP and CVD concurrently (n=218); and the control group (n=405) according to bone mineral density (BMD) and CVD risk. Anthropometric measurements, blood profiles, dietary intake, and dietary quality indices were measured and compared among the four groups.

Results

Waist circumference, total body fat percentage, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were higher, and HDL-cholesterol and BMD were lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. In the food frequency questionnaire, the OP+CVD group had significantly higher frequencies of grain (except for multi-grain) and lower frequencies of fruit and dairy product. The frequency of consumption of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages was higher in OP+CVD group. In nutrient density analysis, proteins and vitamin B2 levels were significantly lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. The nutritional quality index (INQ) values of calcium were in the order of 0.63, 0.58, 0.56, and 0.55 in each group, and it was urgent to improve the dietary intake for calcium in postmenopausal women. In addition, vitamin B2 was inadequately consumed by all groups.

Conclusions

These results suggest that it is necessary to increase the intake of vitamin B2 and calcium and decrease the frequency of intake of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages in postmenopausal women with the risk of OP and CVD.

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Group classification by OP and CVD risk criteria

kjcn-24-152-i001

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

Table 2

Anthropometric characteristics of the subjects

kjcn-24-152-i002

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

***: Significantly different among the groups at p<0.001

Table 3

Daily nutrient intakes of the subjects

kjcn-24-152-i003

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 4

Consumption frequencies of foods of the subjects

kjcn-24-152-i004

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 5

Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of the subjects

kjcn-24-152-i005

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 6

Nutrient Density (ND) of the subjects

kjcn-24-152-i006

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 7

Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ) of the subjects

kjcn-24-152-i007

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

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TOOLS
ORCID iDs

Hyobin Kim
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-7415

Heysook Kim
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4840-3082

Oran Kwon
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2031-7238

Heejung Park
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6278-7812

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