Nutritional status and related parental factors according to the breakfast frequency of elementary school students: based on the 2013 ~ 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

So Young Yu; Yoon Jung Yang

doi:10.4163/jnh.2019.52.1.73

Journal List > J Nutr Health > v.52(1) > 1117290

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Yu and Yang: Nutritional status and related parental factors according to the breakfast frequency of elementary school students: based on the 2013 ~ 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2019; 52(1): 73-89.

Published online: 28 February 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2019.52.1.73

Nutritional status and related parental factors according to the breakfast frequency of elementary school students: based on the 2013 ~ 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

So Young Yu¹

, Yoon Jung Yang²

¹Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Public Health, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Korea.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Natural Science, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-2-940-4465, yjyang@dongduk.ac.kr

Received 7 January 2019 Revised 29 January 2019 Accepted 9 February 2019

The Korean Nutrition Society

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to identify the dietary life and nutritional status of Korean elementary school students according to breakfast frequency and to clarify the relationship between breakfast frequency of elementary school students and parental dietary and social environmental factors.

Methods

This study used data from the 2013 ~ 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI). The subjects were 1,325 elementary school students aged 6 to 11 years old. Subjects were categorized into two groups: a skipping breakfast group (ate breakfast 0 ~ 4 times per week), eating breakfast group (ate breakfast 5 ~ 7 times per week) by sex and grade (lower grade: 1st ~ 3rd/upper grade: 4 th ~ 6 th).

Results

Among upper grade boys and girls, the skipping breakfast group had a higher rate of childhood obesity than the eating breakfast group. In lower grade boys, the mothers of the skipping breakfast group had higher rates of economic activity and eating breakfast alone without family members than the mothers of the eating breakfast group. For lower grade boys and girls and upper grade boys, the skipping breakfast group had a higher rate of parents who did not eat breakfast than the eating breakfast group. The energy intake of the breakfast consumed by all subjects was less than 25% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). Moreover, for upper grade boys and girls, the skipping breakfast group had a higher rate of subjects whose daily intake was below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for iron than the eating breakfast group.

Conclusion

Breakfast frequency of elementary school students was related to childhood obesity. The frequency of eating breakfast among elementary school students was related to the dietary life factors of parents such as breakfast frequency and dietary condition. Intake for breakfast was less than 25% of the EER, while the skipping breakfast group had a higher rate of subjects whose daily intake was below the EAR for iron than the eating breakfast group. Therefore, it is necessary to consider diverse forms of policy support such as opening nutrition education programs for parents and practicing morning meals at school for elementary school students to provide regular and balanced breakfasts.

Keywords: breakfast, nutritional status, elementary students, parental factors

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Percentages of energy intake by meal among the subjects according to breakfast frequency

Table 1

General characteristics of the subjects according to breakfast frequency

1) 0 ~ 4 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 0 ~ 4 times a week.

2) 5 ~ 7 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 5 ~ 7 times a week.

3) mean ± SD

4) p-value from t-test for continuous variables

5) n (%)

6) p-value from Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables

7) Use of pediatric·adolescent standard growth charts established at Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2007)

^*p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

Table 2

Dietary habits of the subjects according to breakfast frequency

1) 0 ~ 4 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 0 ~ 4 times a week.

2) 5 ~ 7 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 5 ~ 7 times a week.

3) p-value from Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables

4) n (%)

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

Table 3

Sociodemographic factors of the mothers according to breakfast frequency of the subjects

1) 0 ~ 4 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 0 ~ 4 times a week.

2) 5 ~ 7 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 5 ~ 7 times a week.

3) mean ± SD

4) p-value from t-test for continuous variables

5) n (%)

6) p-value from Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

Table 4

Sociodemographic factors of the fathers according to breakfast frequency of the subjects

1) 0 ~ 4 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 0 ~ 4 times a week.

2) 5 ~ 7 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 5 ~ 7 times a week.

3) mean ± SD

4) p-value from t-test for continuous variables

5) n (%)

6) p-value from Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

Table 5

Eating habits of the mothers according to breakfast frequency of the subjects

1) 0 ~ 4 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 0 ~ 4 times a week.

2) 5 ~ 7 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 5 ~ 7 times a week.

3) p-value from Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables

4) n (%)

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

Table 6

Eating habits of the fathers according to breakfast frequency of the subjects

1) 0 ~ 4 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 0 ~ 4 times a week.

2) 5 ~ 7 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 5 ~ 7 times a week.

3) p-value from Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables

4) n (%)

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

Table 7

Daily nutrient intakes of the subjects according to breakfast frequency

1) 0 ~ 4 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 0 ~ 4 times a week.

2) 5 ~ 7 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 5 ~ 7 times a week.

3) p-value from t-test

4) mean ± SD

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

Table 8

Percentages of children whose daily intakes are below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) according to breakfast frequency

1) 0 ~ 4 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 0 ~ 4 times a week.

2) 5 ~ 7 Times: The frequency of breakfast is 5 ~ 7 times a week.

3) p-value from t-test

4) mean ± SD

^*p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

Notes

This study was supported by the Dongduk Women's University Grant.

References

1. Lee YS, Lim HS, Ahn HS, Chang NS. Nutrition throughout the Life Cycle. 2nd ed. Seoul: Kyomunsa;2003.

2. Kim YH, Ju HO. Elementary schoolers' skipping breakfast. Korean J Child Health Nurs. 2004; 10(4):488–495.

3. Kim SH. Children's growth and school performance in relation to breakfast. J Korean Diet Assoc. 1999; 5(2):215–224.

4. Ptomey LT, Steger FL, Schubert MM, Lee J, Willis EA, Sullivan DK, et al. Breakfast intake and composition is associated with superior academic achievement in elementary schoolchildren. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016; 35(4):326–333.

5. Butcher-Powell LM, Bordi PL, Borja M, Cranage D, Cole C. Factors affecting breakfast intake in children. Top Clin Nurs. 2003; 18(2):130–135.

6. Rampersaud GC, Pereira MA, Girard BL, Adams J, Metzl JD. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105(5):743–760.

7. National Center for Nutrition and Dietetics. 10 Tips to Healthy Eating and Physical Activity for You: a Brochure for Kids from 9–15 Years. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Nutrition and Dietetics;1998.

8. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Revision of Dietary Guidelines for Koreans 2009 (dietary action guides for infants & toddlers, pregnant & lactating women, children, and adolescents) [Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2009. cited 2018 Dec 10. Available from: http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/jb/sjb030301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=03&MENU_ID=0320&CONT_SEQ=224044&page=1.

9. Statistics Korea. National Nutrition Survey [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;c2009–2015. cited 2018 Dec 10. Available from: https://kosis.kr/statisticsList/statisticsListIndex.do?menuId=M_01_01&vwcd=MT_ZTITLE&parmTabId=M_01_01#SelectStatsBoxDiv.

10. Yeoh YJ. Factors associated with skipping breakfast and relation of breakfast intake to diet quality in Korean children: analysis of the data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey [master's thesis]. Seoul: Seoul National University;2006.

11. Koivisto UK, Fellenius J, Sjödén PO. Relations between parental mealtime practices and children's food intake. Appetite. 1994; 22(3):245–257.

12. Van Lippevelde W, Te Velde SJ, Verloigne M, Van Stralen MM, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Manios Y, et al. Associations between family-related factors, breakfast consumption and BMI among 10- to 12-year- old European children: the cross-sectional ENERGY-study. PLoS One. 2013; 8(11):e79550.

13. Alexy U, Wicher M, Kersting M. Breakfast trends in children and adolescents: frequency and quality. Public Health Nutr. 2010; 13(11):1795–1802.

14. Ramírez-López E, Grijalva-Haro MI, Valencia ME, Antonio Ponce J, Artalejo E. Effect of a school breakfast program on the prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in children. Salud Publica Mex. 2005; 47(2):126–133.

15. Ruxton CH, Kirk TR. Breakfast: a review of associations with measures of dietary intake, physiology and biochemistry. Br J Nutr. 1997; 78(2):199–213.

16. Utter J, Scragg R, Mhurchu CN, Schaaf D. At-home breakfast consumption among New Zealand children: associations with body mass index and related nutrition behaviors. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007; 107(4):570–576.

17. Lee CK, Ju HO, Kim YH. The correlation between skipping breakfast of school-aged children and their mothers. J Korean Soc Sch Health. 2004; 17(1):13–24.

18. Chung H, Eum YH, Kim JY. A study on the children's eating habits and food preference according to their parents' economic status (I): Seoul & Gyeonggi (Incheon) area. Korean J Nutr. 2008; 41(1):77–88.

19. Hong JH, Oh SG, Chung JY. Relationship of unbalanced diet and eating behavior between school age children and their mothers in Wonju area. Korean J Health Promot. 2014; 14(1):17–25.

20. Park SK, Kim MH, Choi MK. A study on dietary habits and nutrient intakes by skipping meals of elementary school children in Incheon. J East Asian Soc Diet Life. 2010; 20(5):668–679.

21. Park HA, Kang JH, Kim KW, Cho YG, Hur YI, Kim OH. Breakfast skipping, related factors, and nutrients intake of 5th grade students. Korean J Fam Med. 2011; 32(1):11–20.

22. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korean children and adolescents growth standard 2007 [Internet]. Chungju: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2008. cited 2018 Dec 10. Available from: http://www.cdc.go.kr/CDC/together/CdcKrTogether0302.jsp?menuIds=HOME006-MNU2804-MNU3027-MNU2979&cid=138467.

23. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment. Sydney: Health Communications Australia;2000.

24. Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2015.

25. Morgan KJ, Zabik ME, Leveille GA. The role of breakfast in nutrient intake of 5- to 12-year-old children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981; 34(7):1418–1427.

26. Koletzko B, Toschke AM. Meal patterns and frequencies: do they affect body weight in children and adolescents? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010; 50(2):100–105.

27. Kim JY, Shin HW, Jeong IK, Cho SW, Min SJ, Lee SJ, et al. The relationship of adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in human obesity. Korean J Med. 2005; 69(6):631–641.

28. Lee SH, Shim JS, Kim JY, Moon HA. The effect of breakfast regularity on eating habits, nutritional and health status in adults. Korean J Nutr. 1996; 29(5):533–546.

29. Simeon DT, Grantham-McGregor S. Effects of missing breakfast on the cognitive functions of school children of differing nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989; 49(4):646–653.

30. Joo E, Park E. Effect of sex and obese index on breakfast and snack intake in elementary school students. Korean J Diet Cult. 1998; 13(5):487–496.

31. Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(2):388–396.

32. Alexander KE, Ventura EE, Spruijt-Metz D, Weigensberg MJ, Goran MI, Davis JN. Association of breakfast skipping with visceral fat and insulin indices in overweight Latino youth. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009; 17(8):1528–1533.

33. Park MJ. Recent advances in regulating energy homeostasis and obesity. Korean J Pediatr. 2005; 48(2):126–137.

34. Choi CS. Pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Korean J Med. 2009; 77(2):171–177.

35. Shin Y. A review of childhood obesity. Korean J Child Health Nurs. 2005; 11(2):240–245.

36. Lamb ME, Pleck JH, Levine JA. The role of the father in child development. In : Lahey BB, Kazdin AE, editors. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Vol 8. Boston (MA): Springer;1985. p. 229–266.

37. Hall L, Collins CE, Morgan PJ, Burrows TL, Lubans DR, Callister R. Children's intake of fruit and selected energy-dense nutrient-poor foods is associated with fathers' intake. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011; 111(7):1039–1044.

38. Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Callister R, Okely AD, Burrows TL, Fletcher R, et al. The ‘Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids’ randomized controlled trial: efficacy of a healthy lifestyle program for overweight fathers and their children. Int J Obes. 2011; 35(3):436–447.

39. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Frazier AL, Rockett HR, Camargo CA Jr, Field AE, et al. Family dinner and diet quality among older children and adolescents. Arch Fam Med. 2000; 9(3):235–240.

40. Park KY. Breakfast and health in adolescents. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011; 14(4):340–349.

41. Yun S, Jeong HR, Kim MH. A survey on the breakfast skipping rate of Korean adults relative to their lifestyle and breakfast skipping reasons and dietary behavior of breakfast skippers. Korean J Community Nutr. 2010; 15(2):191–205.

42. van der Horst K, Oenema A, Ferreira I, Wendel-Vos W, Giskes K, van Lenthe F, et al. A systematic review of environmental correlates of obesity-related dietary behaviors in youth. Health Educ Res. 2007; 22(2):203–226.

43. Cho MS, Kim M, Cho W. Relationships of adolescent's dietary habits with personality traits and food neophobia according to family meal frequency. Nutr Res Pract. 2014; 8(4):476–481.

44. Yeoh YJ, Yoon J, Shim JE. Relation of breakfast intake to diet quality in Korean school-aged children: analysis of the data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Korean J Community Nutr. 2009; 14(1):1–11.

45. Lee SH, Chung SJ, Choi KR. Relationship between nutrient intake and biochemical index with breakfast eating in Korean adults: analysis of data from the 2007 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Korean J Food Cult. 2011; 26(1):94–99.

46. Pollitt E. Iron deficiency and cognitive function. Annu Rev Nutr. 1993; 13(1):521–537.

47. Choi HJ, Lee HJ, Jang HB, Park JY, Kang JH, Park KH, et al. Effects of maternal education on diet, anemia, and iron deficiency in Korean school-aged children. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11(1):870.

TOOLS

ORCID iDs

So Young Yu
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7497-3129

Yoon Jung Yang
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9395-0854

Similar articles