Yun-Jung Bae

doi:10.4163/jnh.2018.51.6.515

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Bae: Cereal intake status and nutritional status of adults: results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013∼2016

Research Article

J Nutr Health 2018;51(6):515-525.

Published online: 20 January 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2018.51.6.515

Cereal intake status and nutritional status of adults: results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013∼2016

Yun-Jung Bae^†

Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk 27909, Korea

^† To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-43-820-5335, E-mail: byj@ut.ac.kr

Received 30 October 2018 Revised 8 November 2018 Accepted 13 November 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was performed to evaluate the cereal intake status and explore its relationship with the nutritional status of the Korean adults from 2013∼2016, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: We analyzed dData from the combined 2013∼2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The analysis included 12,199 adults aged from 19 to 64 years (male, n=5,127, female, n=7,072). In this study, according to cereal intake frequency (From food frequency questionnaire), we classified tThe subjects were classified according into the "non-cereal intake (NCI)" group (male, n=4,290, female, n=5,578), and "cereal intake (CI)" group (male, n=837, female, n =1,494) according to cereal intake frequency (From food frequency questionnaire). Results: Typically, 79.6% of adults did not consume cereals (male 81.6%, female 77.3%);, 13.4% consumed cereals 1–3 times a month (male 12.2%, female 14.8%) and 7.1% consumed cereals more than once a week (male 6.2%, female 7.9%). In the case of both males and females, the nutrient density (nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal) and Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) of protein, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, niacin, and vitamin C in the Non-Cereal group were significantly lower than those of the CI group (respectively, p<0.01). Conclusion: Our These results reveal highlight the low frequency of cereal intake in Korean adults and the better nutritional status in adults who consume cereals. It is hypothesized that tThe data of the present study would is expected to serve as basic data to improve the nutritional status of Korean adults.

Keywords: cereal, consumption, nutritional status, adults

References

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Table 1.

Nutritional evaluation of cereal per serving (30 g) by nutrition label (n = 24)

Nutrient	mean ± SD	Range	Median
Energy (kcal)	118.29 ± 6.06	109 ∼ 135	116.50
Carbohydrate (g)	24.76 ± 1.25	22 ∼ 26.7	24.50
Sugar (g)	8.16 ± 2.70	2 ∼ 12	8.85
Protein (g)	1.67 ± 0.44	1 ∼ 2.4	1.80
Fat (g)	1.45 ± 1.02	0.2 ∼ 4.2	1.30
Saturated fatty acid (g)	0.67 ± 0.49	0 ∼ 1.4	0.90
Sodium (mg)	146.58 ± 40.45	80 ∼ 230	150.00
Vitamin A (μgRE)	163.00 ± 22.00	105 ∼ 177	175.00
Vitamin D (mg)	1.17 ± 0.16	0.75 ∼ 1.26	1.26
Vitamin E (mg α-TE)	2.56 ± 0.34	1.65 ∼ 2.77	2.75
Vitamin B₁ (mg)	0.28 ± 0.04	0.2 ∼ 0.3	0.30
Vitamin B₂ (mg)	0.33 ± 0.04	0.26 ∼ 0.35	0.35
Niacin (mgNE)	3.49 ± 0.47	2.25 ∼ 3.78	3.75
Folate (μg)	93.17 ± 12.52	60 ∼ 101	100.00
Vitamin B₆ (mg)	0.36 ± 0.05	0.23 ∼ 0.38	0.38
Vitamin C (mg)	22.71 ± 4.93	4 ∼ 25	25.00
Iron (mg)	1.60 ± 0.68	0.9 ∼ 3.62	1.42
Zinc (mg)	1.26 ± 0.60	0.64 ∼ 2.95	1.14

Table 2.

Nutritional evaluation of cereal and milk consumption (n = 24)

Nutrient	Cereal (30 g) + Milk (200 mL)	Cereal (30 g) + Low-fat milk (200 mL)
Energy (kcal)	248.29 ± 6.06¹⁾	198.28 ± 6.04
Carbohydrate (g)	33.77 ± 1.25	33.78 ± 1.25
Sugar (g)	17.17 ± 2.71	17.18 ± 2.71
Protein (g)	7.66 ± 0.43	7.66 ± 0.43
Fat (g)	9.45 ± 1.02	3.45 ± 1.02
Saturated fatty acid (g)	5.66 ± 0.49	1.67 ± 0.49
Cholesterol (mg)	20.00 ± 0.00	5.00 ± 0.00
Sodium (mg)	246.58 ± 40.45	246.52 ± 40.48
Comparison of nutrient in cereal with EER²⁾
Adult male (%)	10.35 ± 0.25	8.26 ± 0.25
Adult female (%)	13.07 ± 0.32	10.44 ± 0.32

¹⁾ Data represent mean ± SD. 2) Estimated Energy Requirements

Table 3.

Cereal intake status from Food Frequency Questionnaire data

Frequency	Male (n = 5,127)		Female (n = 7,072)		Total (n = 12,199)		p-value
Frequency	n	%	n	%	n	%	p-value
None	4,290	81.6	5,578	77.3	9,868	79.6	0.0003
1 time/m	324	7.1	562	8.4	886	7.7
2 ∼ 3 times/m	232	5.1	421	6.4	653	5.7
1 time/w	117	2.6	228	3.4	345	3.0
2 ∼ 4 times/w	132	2.9	236	3.7	368	3.3
5 ∼ 6 times/w	13	0.3	26	0.4	39	0.4
1 time/d	19	0.4	21	0.4	40	0.4
Amount¹⁾	Male (n = 837)		Female (n = 1,494)		Total (n = 2,331)		p-value
Amount¹⁾	n	%	n	%	n	%	p-value
1/2 bowl	29	3.1	91	5.7	120	4.5	0.0003
1 bowl	337	37.9	660	43.7	997	40.9
1.5 bowl	471	59.0	743	50.6	1,214	54.6

All values are sample weighted. 1) It was evaluated for cereal consumer (≥ 1 time/m).

Table 4.

General characteristics of subjects according to the cereal consumption

		Male (n = 5,127)			Female (n = 7,072)		p-value
		NCereal	Cereal	p-value	NCereal	Cereal	p-value
		(n = 4,290)	(n = 837)		(n = 5,578)	(n = 1,494)
Age (y)		41.7 ± 0.2¹⁾	34.9 ± 0.4	< 0.0001	42.3 ± 0.2	35.2 ± 0.3	< 0.0001
Distribution (%)	19 ∼ 29 y	20.6²⁾	36.4	< 0.0001	19.3	35.2	< 0.0001
	30 ∼ 49 y	48.1	52.0		48.7	53.3	0.0287
	≥ 50 y	31.3	11.6		32.0	11.5
Body mass index (kg/m²	²)	24.6 ± 0.1	24.3 ± 0.1	0.0455	23.1 ± 0.1	22.9 ± 0.1
Distribution (%)	< 18.5	2.1	3.8	0.0035	5.8	10.8	< 0.0001
	18.5 ∼ < 23	31.0	34.9		49.8	53.2
	23 ∼ < 25	25.2	24.9		19.3	16.2
	≥ 25	41.7	36.4		25.1	19.8
Smoking status (%)							0.0996
Current smoker		43.5	33.5	< 0.0001	6.1	4.7	0.0996
Ex-smoker or non-smoker		56.5	66.5		93.9	95.3	0.0393
Drinking status (%)
Non-drinker		23.2	24.9	0.3644	50.4	47.0
Current drinker		76.8	75.1		49.6	53.0	< 0.0001
Marital status (%)
Married	70.2	58.7	< 0.0001	78.6	66.4
Unmarried	29.8	41.3		21.4	33.6
No response	0.0	0.0		0.0	0.1
Education level (%)
≤ Middle school		19.9	10.0	< 0.0001	23.7	10.1	< 0.0001
High school		38.3	38.3		38.7	38.5	0.0103
≥ College	41.8	51.7		37.6	51.4
Household income (%)
Low	8.4	7.4	0.8601	9.5	6.6
Middle-low	23.1	23.5		24.5	23.2
Middle-high	32.6	32.8		31.0	35.1
High	35.9	36.3		34.9	35.1

All values are sample weighted. 1) Data represent mean ± SE. 2) %

Table 5.

Meal frequency of subjects according to the cereal consumption

	Male (n = 5,127)			Female (n = 7,072)
	NCereal	Cereal	p-value	NCereal	Cereal	p-value
	(n = 4,290)	(n = 837)		(n = 5,578)	(n = 1,494)
Breakfast (/w)	4.1 ± 0.0¹⁾	4.5 ± 0.1	< 0.0001	4.1 ± 0.0	4.4 ± 0.1	0.0006
Lunch (/w)	5.7 ± 0.0	5.8 ± 0.0	0.5040	5.6 ± 0.0	5.6 ± 0.0	0.7588
Dinner (/w)	5.8 ± 0.0	5.8 ± 0.0	0.8585	5.5 ± 0.0	5.5 ± 0.0	0.0744

All values are sample weighted. 1) Data represent mean ± SE.

Table 6.

Energy and nutrient intakes per 1,000 kcal of subjects according to the cereal consumption

	Male (n = 5,127)		Female (n = 7,072)
	NCereal	Cereal	p-value	NCereal	Cereal	p-value
	(n = 4,290)	(n = 837)		(n = 5,578)	(n = 1,494)
Energy (kcal)	2,293.8 ± 13.4¹⁾	2,489.8 ± 30.1	< 0.0001	1,745.7 ± 10.3	1,939.7 ± 23.1	< 0.0001
	(/1,000 kcal)			(/1,000 kcal)
Protein (g)	31.1 ± 0.1	32.9 ± 0.2	< 0.0001	33.5 ± 0.1	34.7 ± 0.2	< 0.0001
Fat (g)	18.7 ± 0.1	20.7 ± 0.2	< 0.0001	20.1 ± 0.1	21.9 ± 0.2	< 0.0001
Carbohydrate (g)	154.5 ± 0.4	155.0 ± 0.7	0.5133	163.7 ± 0.3	161.8 ± 0.5	0.0031
Vitamin A (μgRE)	266.5 ± 1.8	290.0 ± 3.3	< 0.0001	343.7 ± 2.2	371.2 ± 3.6	< 0.0001
Vitamin B₁ (mg)	0.9 ± 0.0	0.9 ± 0.0	< 0.0001	1.0 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.0	< 0.0001
Vitamin B₂ (mg)	0.6 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0	< 0.0001	0.7 ± 0.0	0.8 ± 0.0	< 0.0001
Niacin (mg)	6.2 ± 0.0	6.8 ± 0.0	< 0.0001	6.8 ± 0.0	7.4 ± 0.0	< 0.0001
Vitamin C (mg)	43.7 ± 0.5	49.1 ± 1.0	< 0.0001	69.7 ± 0.7	73.8 ± 1.2	0.0015
Calcium (mg)	212.9 ± 1.1	236.3 ± 2.2	< 0.0001	253.1 ± 1.3	277.8 ± 2.3	< 0.0001
Phosphorous (mg)	465.9 ± 1.3	491.6 ± 2.4	< 0.0001	525.1 ± 1.4	546.7 ± 2.3	< 0.0001
Sodium (mg)	1,547.8 ± 7.7	1,591.0 ± 13.5	0.0035	1,690.7 ± 8.3	1,748.2 ± 13.1	0.0002
Potassium (mg)	1,241.2 ± 5.5	1,293.5 ± 9.7	< 0.0001	1,526.0 ± 6.5	1,576.1 ± 10.9	< 0.0001
Iron (mg)	6.3 ± 0.0	6.5 ± 0.0	0.0004	7.3 ± 0.0	7.4 ± 0.0	0.0039

All values are sample weighted. 1) Data represent mean ± SE.

Table 7.

Index of nutritional quality of subjects according to the cereal consumption

	Male (n = 5,127)		p-value	Female (n = 7,072)		p-value
	NCereal	Cereal		NCereal	Cereal
(n = 4,290)	(n = 837)	(n = 5,578)		(n = 1,494)
Protein	1.21 ± 0.00¹⁾	1.28 ± 0.01	< 0.0001	1.25 ± 0.00	1.30 ± 0.01	< 0.0001
Vitamin A	0.83 ± 0.01	0.90 ± 0.01	< 0.0001	1.03 ± 0.01	1.11 ± 0.01	< 0.0001
Vitamin B₁	1.70 ± 0.00	1.76 ± 0.01	< 0.0001	1.65 ± 0.00	1.70 ± 0.01	< 0.0001
Vitamin B₂	0.95 ± 0.00	1.04 ± 0.01	< 0.0001	1.09 ± 0.01	1.20 ± 0.01	< 0.0001
Niacin	0.92 ± 0.00	1.01 ± 0.01	< 0.0001	0.93 ± 0.00	1.01 ± 0.01	< 0.0001
Vitamin C	1.03 ± 0.01	1.15 ± 0.02	< 0.0001	1.31 ± 0.01	1.39 ± 0.02	0.0018
Calcium	0.64 ± 0.00	0.71 ± 0.01	< 0.0001	0.66 ± 0.00	0.73 ± 0.01	< 0.0001
Phosphorous	1.57 ± 0.00	1.66 ± 0.01	< 0.0001	1.42 ± 0.00	1.48 ± 0.01	< 0.0001
Iron	1.49 ± 0.01	1.53 ± 0.01	0.0009	1.24 ± 0.01	1.26 ± 0.01	0.2132

All values are sample weighted. 1) Data represent mean ± SE.

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