PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Purpose
This study examined whether there was a difference in the nutrients and food intake of young children depending on their lunch places. Methods: The dietary survey data of the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010∼2012) were used. The children were grouped into either a child care center lunch group (n=728) or home lunch group (n=592) and their nutrients and food intakes were compared. Results: No differences in the 24-hr energy intake and energy intakes from lunch and dinner according to the lunch places were observed. The percentage of breakfast energy was lower in the child care center lunch group, whereas the percentage of snack energy was higher. In children aged 3∼5 years, the sodium, potassium, and vitamin C intakes were high in the child care center lunch group. The 1∼2 years and 3∼5 year old children's vegetable intake from lunch was significantly higher in the child care center lunch group than in the home lunch group. Children aged 3∼5 years in the child care center lunch group consumed more beans and fish at lunch. The adequacy of nutrients and food diversity of child care center lunch appear better than home lunch. Conclusion: Parents and care providers need to make efforts to use diverse foods, such as vegetables and fish, in children's meals to provide balanced diets and promote healthy eating behaviors to their children.
References
1. Goo JO, Kim JH, Byun KW, Sohn CM, Lee JW, Lee JH, Choi YS. Nutrition through the life cycle. Seoul: Powerbook Co.;2013.
2. Dubois L, Farmer AP, Girard M, Peterson K. Preschool children's eating behaviours are related to dietary adequacy and body weight. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007; 61(7):846–855.
3. Seo JY, Lee IS, Choi BS. Study of food intakes and eating patterns among preschool children in Daegu area: nutrient intakes and dietary habits associated with body weight status. Korean J Community Nutr. 2009; 14(6):710–721.
4. Shin KO, Chung KH, Park HS. Evaluation of the health status of preschool children stratified based on the weight-length index (WLI). Nutr Res Pract. 2010; 4(5):383–392.
5. Addessi E, Galloway AT, Visalberghi E, Birch LL. Specific social influences on the acceptance of novel foods in 2–5-year-old children. Appetite. 2005; 45(3):264–271.
6. Benjamin Neelon SE, Briley ME. American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: benchmarks for nutrition in child care. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011; 111(4):607–615.
7. Nicklas TA, Baranowski T, Baranowski JC, Cullen K, Rittenberry L, Olvera N. Family and childcare provider influences on preschool children's fruit, juice, and vegetable consumption. Nutr Rev. 2001; 59(7):224–235.
8. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Social security factbook 2014, p53 [Internet]. Sejong: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs;2014. [cited 2018 Jun 7]; Available from:. http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/gm/sgm0601vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=13&MENU_ID=1. 304020608&page=1&CONT_SEQ=301120.
9. Do NH, Kim JS, Ha MK. Survey on time use of infants and preschool children. Research report 2013–10. Seoul: Korea Institute of Child Care and Education;2013.
10. Song ES, Kim EG. A Study of parents' satisfaction and needs for foodservice quality of the childcare centers in Chungnam Asan area. Korean J Community Nutr. 2011; 16(4):497–510.
11. Sin EK, Lee YK. Evaluation of food and nutrient intake of preschool children in day-care centers. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2005; 34(7):1008–1017.
12. Chung M, Lee YM, Lee KW. A study on the nutritional evaluation and food service managements of snacks in early childhood education institute. J Korean Home Econ Assoc. 2000; 38(4):99–114.
13. Seo JY, Lee IS, Choi BS. Food habit and nutrient intake in preschool children: Daegu and its environs. Korean J Food Cult. 2008; 23(6):793–800.
14. Lee JY, Cho DS. The eating behavior and food preference of preschool children in Sungnam day care facilities. Korean J Food Nutr. 2006; 19(4):482–495.
15. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans, 1st revision. Seoul: The Korean Nutrition Society;2010.
16. Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang MJ, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, Chun C, Khang YH, Oh K. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol. 2014; 43(1):69–77.
17. Center for Children's Foodservice Management. 2015 Children's foodservice management guidelines [Internet]. Cheongju: Center for Children's Foodservice Management;2015. [cited 2018 June 7]. Available from. https://ccfsm.foodnara.go.kr/menuno=164.
18. Ministry of Education (KR). Kindergarten foodservice management guidelines. Sejong: Ministry of Education;2012.
19. Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012 Korea health statistics. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea;2013.
20. Birch LL. Development of food acceptance patterns in the first years of life. Proc Nutr Soc. 1998; 57(4):617–624.
21. Cooke L, Wardle J, Gibson EL. Relationship between parental report of food neophobia and everyday food consumption in 2–6-year-old children. Appetite. 2003; 41(2):205–206.
22. Lee Y, Oh YJ. A study on kindergarten's meal service program and children's food intake. Korean J Nutr. 2005; 38(3):232–241.
23. Kim SH, Park GS. Survey on actual situation and importance of use of snacks according to young children mother's nutrition knowledge. J East Asian Soc Diet Life. 2016; 26(2):141–151.
24. Yeoh Y, Kwon S, Lee Y. Menu pattern and food diversity of snack menus provided by Child Care Information Centers in Seoul. J Nutr Health. 2014; 47(6):443–451.
25. Black RE, Williams SM, Jones IE, Goulding A. Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76(3):675–680.
26. Jung HR, Lee MJ, Kim KC, Kim JB, Kim DH, Kang SH, Park JS, Kwon KI, Kim MH, Park YB. Survey on the sodium contents of nursery school meals in Gyeonggi-Do. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2010; 39(4):526–534.
27. Kim JN, Park S, Ahn S, Kim HK. A Survey on the salt content of kindergarten lunch meals and meal providers' dietary attitude to sodium intake in Gyeonggi-do area. Korean J Community Nutr. 2013; 18(5):478–490.
28. Kim HY, Yang IS, Chae IS, Yi BS, Park MK, Kim HY, Kang TS, Leem DG, Lee JH, Lee HY. Effectiveness of center for childcare foodservice management for menu management and dietary variety. Korean J Community Nutr. 2013; 18(3):243–256.
29. Seo JY, Lee IS, Choi BS. Study of food intakes and eating patterns among preschool children in Daegu area: assessment of dietary pattern and dietary diversity. Korean J Community Nutr. 2009; 14(5):521–530.
30. Briley ME, Jastrow S, Vickers J, Roberts-Gray C. Dietary intake at childcare centers and away: are parents and care providers working as partners or at cross-purposes? J Am Diet Assoc. 1999; 99(8):950–954.
Table 1.
Numbers and anthropometric characteristics of young children according to lunch places
Table 2.
Compar ison of young children n's energy intakes from meals and sn nack according to lunc ch places
| Energy intake (kcal) (% energy intake) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meals | 1 ∼ 2 y Lunch place | 3 ∼ 5 y Lunch place | ||||
| Child care center (n = 179) | Home (n = 367) | p-value | Child care center (n = 549) | Home (n = 225) | p-value | |
| Breakfast | 171.01± 13.061) (15.9± 0.9) | 206.66± 10.96 (18.7± 0.8) | 0.066 (0.027)∗ | 207.69± 8.23 (15.3± 0.6) | 256.25± 10.46 (20.1± 0.8) | < 0.001 (< 0.001)∗∗∗ |
| Lunch | 228.77± 9.04 | 233.34± 9.88 | 0.759 | 312.48± 6.89 | 308.45± 18.85 | 0.836 |
| (22.4± 1.1) | (21.5± 0.8) | (0.564) | (24.1± 0.5) | (23.5± 0.9) | (0.555) | |
| Dinner | 209.91± 14.95 | 228.99± 8.21 | 0.265 | 310.79± 10.00 | 308.51± 12.14 | 0.883 |
| (20.0± 1.1) | (21.0± 0.7) | (0.127) | (22.9± 0.5) | (24.1± 0.9) | (0.225) | |
| Snack | 474.07± 29.91 (42.7± 1.6) | 429.91± 19.21 (38.8± 1.3) | 0.225 0.065 | 514.90± 16.58 (37.7± 0.8) | 440.13± 24.17 (32.2± 1.3) | 0.012 (0.001)∗∗ |
| Total | 1,083.75± 43.91 | 1,098.90± 27.65 | 0.777 | 1,345.85± 26.14 | 1,313.34± 38.27 | 0.463 |
Table 3.
Comparison of young children's nutrient intakes from lunch according to lunch places
| Energy and nutrients | 1 ∼ 2 y | 3 ∼ 5 y | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lunch place | Lunch place | |||||
| Child care center (n = 179) | Home (n = 367) | p-value | Child care center (n = 549) | Home (n = 225) | p-value | |
| Energy (kcal) | 228.77± 9.041) | 233.34± 9.87 | 0.759 | 312.48± 6.89 | 308.45± 18.83 | 0.836 |
| Protein (g) | 8.12± 0.49 | 8.22± 0.35 | 0.879 | 11.06± 0.319 | 10.17± 0.635 | 0.205 |
| Lipid (g) | 3.62± 0.27 | 4.28± 0.34 | 0.152 | 5.69± 0.25 | 6.73± 0.73 | 0.181 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 40.36± 1.64 | 40.19± 1.84 | 0.948 | 53.68± 1.36 | 51.06± 3.31 | 0.459 |
| Calcium (mg) | 37.13± 7.58 | 74.17± 14.57 | 0.085 | 63.18± 3.50 | 62.46± 6.24 | 0.922 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 137.00± 6.15 | 144.29± 6.717 | 0.461 | 188.56± 5.28 | 170.87± 9.55 | 0.097 |
| Iron (mg) | 1.467± 0.091 | 1.341± 0.066 | 0.261 | 1.861± 0.077 | 1.596± 0.116 | 0.063 |
| Sodium (mg) | 446.74± 31.20 | 365.86± 27.79 | 0.082 | 664.28± 21.71 | 522.04± 42.75 | 0.003∗∗ |
| Potassium (mg) | 283.64± 14.29 | 283.37± 14.01 | 0.990 | 416.36± 11.142 | 343.71± 16.82 | < 0.001∗∗∗ |
| Vitamin A (μgRE) | 61.72± 7.49 | 71.70± 5.19 | 0.294 | 94.00± 4.78 | 99.83± 14.30 | 0.700 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.132± 0.008 | 0.133± 0.008 | 0.935 | 0.184± 0.005 | 0.194± 0.016 | 0.537 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.100± 0.006 | 0.147± 0.009 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 0.149± 0.006 | 0.183± 0.013 | 0.019∗ |
| Niacin (mg) | 1.739± 0.103 | 1.735± 0.100 | 0.977 | 2.37± 0.07 | 2.08± 0.14 | 0.060 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 7.25± 0.711 | 9.55± 1.128 | 0.095 | 11.82± 0.47 | 9.33± 1.14 | 0.040∗ |
Table 4.
Comparison of young children's food group intakes from lunch according to lunch places
| Food groups (g) | 1 ∼ 2 y | 3 ∼ 5 y | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lunch place | Lunch place | |||||
| Child care center (n = 179) | Home (n = 367) | p-value | Child care center (n = 549) | Home (n = 225) | p-value | |
| Cereals | 43.50± 2.201) | 48.18± 2.94 | 0.223 | 56.99± 1.70 | 60.99± 4.28 | 0.381 |
| Potatoes | 4.78± 1.10 | 5.80± 1.55 | 0.658 | 6.28± 0.66 | 6.09± 1.66 | 0.902 |
| Sugars | 0.40± 0.09 | 0.56± 0.16 | 0.494 | 0.75± 0.06 | 0.70± 0.16 | 0.782 |
| Pulses | 10.32± 2.99 | 4.99± 1.34 | 0.091 | 7.98± 1.36 | 3.22± 0.83 | 0.004∗∗ |
| Nuts | 0.25± 0.09 | 0.17± 0.04 | 0.418 | 0.37± 0.06 | 1.10± 0.90 | 0.412 |
| Vegetables | 25.94± 1.75 | 16.18± 1.39 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 40.86± 2.41 | 24.39± 2.68 | < 0.001∗∗∗ |
| Mushrooms | 0.85± 0.22 | 0.45± 0.11 | 0.104 | 1.01± 0.20 | 0.78± 0.26 | 0.490 |
| Fruits | 0.55± 1.18 | 12.09± 3.16 | 0.003∗∗ | 5.36± 1.24 | 9.82± 2.53 | 0.113 |
| Seaweeds | 0.92± 0.26 | 0.66± 0.13 | 0.368 | 0.81± 0.10 | 0.78± 0.22 | 0.895 |
| Beverages | 0.11± 0.06 | 0.81± 0.59 | 0.213 | 0.23± 0.15 | 2.54± 1.18 | 0.056 |
| Meats | 9.44± 1.82 | 7.33± 0.90 | 0.278 | 11.94± 0.87 | 16.38± 3.25 | 0.186 |
| Eggs | 2.58± 0.82 | 5.72± 1.11 | 0.045∗ | 5.52± 1.03 | 5.64± 1.02 | 0.935 |
| Fishes | 5.09± 1.23 | 4.05± 0.98 | 0.570 | 8.45± 0.89 | 2.22± 0.46 | < 0.001∗∗∗ |
| Milks | 0.88± 0.60 | 18.35± 2.93 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 7.50± 2.29 | 20.32± 5.85 | 0.042∗ |
Table 5.
Comparison of young children's food group intakes from snack according to lunch places
| Food groups (g) | 1 ∼ 2 y | 3 ∼ 5 y | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lunch place | Lunch place | |||||
| Child care center (n = 179) | Home (n = 367) | p-value | Child care center (n = 549) | Home (n = 225) | p-value | |
| Cereals | 60.10± 10.601) | 28.77± 3.13 | 0.007∗∗ | 61.87± 4.48 | 41.29± 3.86 | < 0.001∗∗∗ |
| Potatoes | 9.71± 2.44 | 7.67± 2.00 | 0.506 | 10.48± 2.12 | 7.81± 2.65 | 0.432 |
| Sugars | 2.43± 0.87 | 3.09± 1.06 | 0.676 | 3.92± 0.47 | 5.15± 1.37 | 0.406 |
| Pulses | 24.08± 8.32 | 30.82± 6.57 | 0.517 | 10.77± 2.47 | 11.00± 5.54 | 0.970 |
| Nuts | 0.43± 0.19 | 0.63± 0.26 | 0.545 | 1.14± 0.22 | 0.36± 0.13 | 0.002∗∗ |
| Vegetables | 10.36± 1.75 | 9.16± 1.81 | 0.651 | 13.95± 1.68 | 14.90± 3.53 | 0.806 |
| Mushrooms | 0.41± 0.17 | 0.05± 0.03 | 0.036∗ | 0.44± 0.12 | 0.09± 0.05 | 0.010∗ |
| Fruits | 115.74± 18.54 | 134.53± 11.04 | 0.394 | 128.28± 10.58 | 160.79± 14.30 | 0.078 |
| Seaweeds | 0.02± 0.02 | 0.07± 0.04 | 0.432 | 0.03± 0.01 | 0.02± 0.01 | 0.798 |
| Beverages | 5.48± 2.10 | 8.40± 2.27 | 0.368 | 17.48± 3.61 | 19.45± 4.77 | 0.732 |
| Meats | 3.42± 1.32 | 3.50± 1.08 | 0.962 | 8.22± 1.62 | 5.92± 1.56 | 0.318 |
| Eggs | 4.45± 1.69 | 1.25± 0.36 | 0.041∗ | 4.36± 0.74 | 2.73± 1.33 | 0.287 |
| Fishes | 2.92± 1.50 | 1.59± 0.67 | 0.412 | 2.35± 0.51 | 1.41± 0.44 | 0.152 |
| Milks | 230.84± 16.02 | 213.79± 14.62 | 0.448 | 256.68± 12.32 | 186.94± 18.30 | 0.002∗∗ |
Table 6.
Comparison of young children's 24-hr nutrient intakes according to lunch places
| Energy and nutrients | 1 ∼ 2 y | 3 ∼ 5 y | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lunch place | Lunch place | |||||
| Child care center (n = 179) | Home (n = 367) | p-value | Child care center (n = 549) | Home (n = 225) | p-value | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1,083.7± 43.91) | 1,098.9± 27.7 | 0.777 | 1,345.5± 26.1 | 1,313.3± 38.3 | 0.467 |
| Protein (g) | 39.4± 1.9 | 38.0± 1.0 | 0.511 | 46.5± 1.0 | 42.8± 1.4 | 0.020∗ |
| Lipid (g) | 27.6± 1.3 | 27.5± 1.1 | 0.998 | 33.2± 1.0 | 31.7± 1.3 | 0.328 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 170.4± 7.8 | 176.2± 4.7 | 0.545 | 216.3± 4.5 | 215.7± 6.5 | 0.945 |
| Calcium (mg) | 487.7± 26.9 | 517.9± 28.4 | 0.491 | 512.3± 15.5 | 433.8± 24.0 | 0.007∗∗ |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 765.0± 29.8 | 754.6± 21.4 | 0.770 | 873.9± 17.6 | 792.9± 26.5 | 0.009∗∗ |
| Iron (mg) | 6.79± 0.44 | 6.90± 0.28 | 0.838 | 7.70± 0.22 | 7.75± 0.43 | 0.901 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1,482.4± 71.7 | 1,350.7± 57.0 | 0.166 | 2,058.9± 53.1 | 1,810.1± 83.1 | 0.010∗ |
| Potassium (mg) | 1,544.6± 77.0 | 1,533.3± 50.3 | 0.899 | 1,850.2± 38.3 | 1,710.1± 58.7 | 0.050 |
| Vitamin A (μgRE) | 444.8± 38.1 | 465.9± 26.7 | 0.648 | 463.4± 18.8 | 456.8± 31.0 | 0.860 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.68± 0.04 | 0.75± 0.03 | 0.178 | 0.85± 0.02 | 0.85± 0.04 | 0.992 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.00± 0.05 | 1.01± 0.04 | 0.775 | 1.09± 0.030 | 1.11± 0.04 | 0.143 |
| Niacin (mg) | 7.32± 0.41 | 7.65± 0.26 | 0.487 | 9.00± 0.22 | 8.41± 0.29 | 0.105 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 59.9± 5.8 | 78.0± 4.6 | 0.031∗ | 72.6± 4.1 | 78.2± 6.8 | 0.481 |
Table 7.
Comparis on of young children' s 24-hr food group inta akes according g to lunch places
| Food groups (g/day) | 1 ∼ 2 y | 3 ∼ 5 y | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lunch place | Lunch place | |||||
| Child care center (n = 179) | Home (n = 367) | p-value | Child care center (n = 549) | Home (n = 225) | p-value | |
| Cereals | 170.07± 12.091) | 157.07± 6.67 | 0.376 | 214.74± 6.51 | 207.64± 8.70 | 0.503 |
| Potatoes | 20.51± 3.43 | 21.71± 3.23 | 0.784 | 24.98± 2.73 | 20.82± 3.40 | 0.349 |
| Sugars | 3.42± 0.88 | 4.60± 1.10 | 0.474 | 5.74± 0.50 | 7.12± 1.37 | 0.357 |
| Pulses | 45.91± 9.67 | 42.91± 6.86 | 0.793 | 26.42± 3.02 | 20.98± 5.75 | 0.396 |
| Nuts | 1.16± 0.32 | 1.36± 0.36 | 0.708 | 2.05± 0.26 | 3.09± 1.81 | 0.569 |
| Vegetables | 62.33± 4.75 | 54.47± 3.46 | 0.191 | 96.39± 5.71 | 86.89± 6.70 | 0.279 |
| Mushrooms | 2.49± 0.57 | 1.32± 0.21 | 0.050 | 3.24± 0.47 | 2.43± 0.48 | 0.205 |
| Fruits | 126.21± 18.81 | 172.17± 13.44 | 0.054 | 160.76± 11.55 | 201.18± 15.15 | 0.041∗ |
| Seaweeds | 2.49± 0.56 | 1.95± 0.24 | 0.396 | 2.78± 0.30 | 2.69± 0.41 | 0.870 |
| Beverages | 3.95± 2.76 | 14.57± 4.03 | 0.074 | 19.75± 3.68 | 26.04± 5.48 | 0.323 |
| Meats | 27.97± 3.48 | 28.37± 2.55 | 0.926 | 46.21± 3.00 | 52.64± 5.37 | 0.288 |
| Eggs | 28.13± 5.52 | 17.15± 1.67 | 0.069 | 26.39± 2.25 | 23.87± 2.72 | 0.482 |
| Fishes | 14.70± 2.49 | 15.84± 1.78 | 0.735 | 20.59± 1.33 | 14.26± 2.02 | 0.011∗ |
| Milks | 277.36± 17.49 | 269.31± 16.58 | 0.752 | 305.71± 13.38 | 252.37± 22.11 | 0.042∗ |
XML Download