Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
SUBJECTS/METHODS
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
References
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Fig. 1
Flow diagram of subject inclusion and exclusion.
![nrp-12-222-g001](/upload/SynapseXML/0161nrp/thumb/nrp-12-222-g001.jpg)
Table 1
Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics related to energy metabolism of the study subjects by quartile of the sarcopenia index (SI)
![nrp-12-222-i001](/upload/SynapseXML/0161nrp/thumb/nrp-12-222-i001.jpg)
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TSM, total skeletal muscle mass; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; SI, sarcopenia index; HOMA_IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; PA, physical activity; Smoking, smoking status.
1)For men the first quartile (Q1): SI < 0.82, Q2: 0.82 ≤ SI < 0.89, Q3: 0.89 ≤ SI < 0.97, and Q4: 0.97 ≤ SI. For women, Q1: SI < 0.55, Q2: 0.55 ≤ SI < 0.61, Q3: 0.61 ≤ SI < 0.67, and Q4: 0.67 ≤ SI.
2)Mean ± SE.
3)n (%)
4)A serving size of alcohol intake: one cup (50cc) of soju or one glass of beer (200cc), “≥ 1–2 serving/d” corresponds to ≥ 2 servings/d for men and ≥ 1.5 servings/d for women, “< 1–2 servings/d” corresponds to < 2 servings/d for men and < 1.5 servings/d for women. The p values are from ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables assessing the difference between the groups.
Table 2
Status of energy intake by quartile of the sarcopenia index (SI)
![nrp-12-222-i002](/upload/SynapseXML/0161nrp/thumb/nrp-12-222-i002.jpg)
1)For men the first quartile (Q1): SI < 0.82, Q2: 0.82 ≤ SI < 0.89, Q3: 0.89 ≤ SI < 0.97, and Q4: 0.97 ≤ SI. For women, Q1: SI < 0.55, Q2: 0.55 ≤ SI < 0.61, Q3: 0.61 ≤ SI < 0.67, and Q4: 0.67 ≤ SI.
2)Mean ± SE.
3)Absolute amount of intake without adjustment.
4)Percent intake from total energy intake.
5)Energy-adjusted intake calculated by residual adjustment method; coefficient amount for carbohydrate: 313.5 g for men and 282.6 g for women, for fat: 32.9 g for men and 23.3 g for women, for protein: 72.3 g for men and 53.6 g for women.
6)Caloric intake from alcohol was calculated as follows: servings/d × 64 kcal/serving.
Table 3
Estimated change in total energy intake according to quartile of the sarcopenia index (SI)
![nrp-12-222-i003](/upload/SynapseXML/0161nrp/thumb/nrp-12-222-i003.jpg)
Beta coefficient with 95% confidence interval is shown.
1)Model I: adjusted for age, body weight and energy from alcohol intake.
2)Model II: model I + physical activity + levels of total cholesterol and fasting glucose + smoking status.
3)For men the first quartile (Q1): SI < 0.82, Q2: 0.82 ≤ SI < 0.89, Q3: 0.89 ≤ SI < 0.97, and Q4: 0.97 ≤ SI. For women, Q1: SI < 0.55, Q2: 0.55 ≤ SI < 0.61, Q3: 0.61 ≤ SI < 0.67, and Q4: 0.67 ≤ SI.
4)Beta coefficient in linear trend analysis with energy intake and SI: for men 112.3 kcal/ SI (0.1 m2), for women 43.9 kcal/ SI (0.1 m2).
*P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 compared to reference group of sarcopenia index (Q1) within same sex or total subjects.
Table 4
Estimated change in carbohydrate intake according to quartile of the sarcopenia index (SI)
![nrp-12-222-i004](/upload/SynapseXML/0161nrp/thumb/nrp-12-222-i004.jpg)
Beta coefficient with 95% confidence interval is shown.
1)Model I: adjusted for age, body weight and energy from alcohol intake.
2)Model II: model I + physical activity + the level of total cholesterol and fasting glucose + smoking status.
3)For men the first quartile (Q1): SI < 0.82, Q2: 0.82 ≤ SI < 0.89, Q3: 0.89 ≤ SI < 0.97, and Q4: 0.97 ≤ SI. For women, Q1: SI < 0.55, Q2: 0.55 ≤ SI < 0.61, Q3: 0.61 ≤ SI < 0.67, and Q4: 0.67 ≤ SI.
*P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 compared to reference group of sarcopenia index (Q1) within same sex or total subjects.
Table 5
Estimated change in fat intake according to quartile of the sarcopenia index (SI)
![nrp-12-222-i005](/upload/SynapseXML/0161nrp/thumb/nrp-12-222-i005.jpg)
Beta coefficient with 95% confidence interval is shown.
1)Model I: adjusted for age, body weight and energy from alcohol intake.
2)Model II: model I + physical activity + the level of total cholesterol and fasting glucose + smoking status.
3)For men the first quartile (Q1): SI < 0.82, Q2: 0.82 ≤ SI < 0.89, Q3: 0.89 ≤ SI < 0.97, and Q4: 0.97 ≤ SI. For women, Q1: SI < 0.55, Q2: 0.55 ≤ SI < 0.61, Q3: 0.61 ≤ SI < 0.67, and Q4: 0.67 ≤ SI.
Table 6
Estimated change in protein intake according to quartile of the sarcopenia index (SI)
![nrp-12-222-i006](/upload/SynapseXML/0161nrp/thumb/nrp-12-222-i006.jpg)
Beta coefficient with 95% confidence interval is shown.
1)Model I: adjusted for age, body weight and energy from alcohol intake.
2)Model II: model I + physical activity + the level of total cholesterol and fasting glucose + smoking status.
3)For men the first quartile (Q1): SI < 0.82, Q2: 0.82 ≤ SI < 0.89, Q3: 0.89 ≤ SI < 0.97, and Q4: 0.97 ≤ SI. For women, Q1: SI < 0.55, Q2: 0.55 ≤ SI < 0.61, Q3: 0.61 ≤ SI < 0.67, and Q4: 0.67 ≤ SI.
Table 7
Adjusted ORs with 95% CIs of low skeletal muscle mass by tertile of total energy intake
![nrp-12-222-i007](/upload/SynapseXML/0161nrp/thumb/nrp-12-222-i007.jpg)
Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval is shown.
1)Model I: adjusted for age, body weight, and energy from alcohol intake.
2)Model II: model I + physical activity + levels of total cholesterol and fasting glucose + smoking status.
3)Model III: model II + age × total energy intake.
4)Total energy intakes were categorized into tertile scale; for men, first tertile (T1): total energy intake < 1,753.5 kcal, second tertile (T2): 1,753.5 kcal ≤ total energy intake < 2,278.9 kcal, third tertile (T3): 2,278.9 kcal ≤ total energy intake, for women, T1: total energy intake < 1,350.0 kcal, T2: 1,350.0 kcal ≤ total energy intake < 1,768.4 kcal, T3: 1,768.4 kcal ≤ total energy intake.
*P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 compared to reference group of total energy intake (T3) within same sex or total subjects.
Table 8
Adjusted ORs with 95% CIs of low skeletal muscle mass by tertile of carbohydrate intake
![nrp-12-222-i008](/upload/SynapseXML/0161nrp/thumb/nrp-12-222-i008.jpg)
Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval is shown.
1)Model I: adjusted for age, body weight and energy from alcohol intake.
2)Model II: model I + physical activity + levels of total cholesterol and fasting glucose + smoking status.
3)Model III: model II + age × total energy intake.
4)Energy adjusted total carbohydrate intake was categorized into tertile scale; for men, first tertile (T1): carbohydrate intake < 313.0 g, second tertile (T2): 313.0 g ≤ carbohydrate intake < 359.3 g, third tertile (T3): 359.3 g ≤ carbohydrate intake, for women, T1: carbohydrate intake < 288.2 g, T2: 288.2 g ≤ carbohydrate intake < 327.1, T3: 327.1 g ≤ carbohydrate intake.
*P < 0.05 compared to reference group of carbohydrate intake (T3) within same sex or total subjects.