The Effect of Spiritual Well-Being on Social Nicotine Dependence, Alcohol Consumption, Internet Overuse and Gambling among Medical Students

Min Jeong Kim; Hae Kyung Choi; Chul Ho Oak

doi:10.15384/kjhp.2015.15.4.209

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Kim, Choi, and Oak: The Effect of Spiritual Well-Being on Social Nicotine Dependence, Alcohol Consumption, Internet Overuse and Gambling among Medical Students

Original Article

Korean J Health Promot 2015;15(4):209-216.

Published online: 19 December 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2015.15.4.209

The Effect of Spiritual Well-Being on Social Nicotine Dependence, Alcohol Consumption, Internet Overuse and Gambling among Medical Students

Min Jeong Kim^1*, Hae Kyung Choi^2*, Chul Ho Oak³

¹Department of Neurology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea

²Department of Social Welfare, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

³Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea

￭ Corresponding author：Chul Ho Oak, MD, PhD Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Korea Tel: +82-51-990-6104, Fax: +82-51-990-3049 E-mail: oaks70@hanmail.net ^*Min Jeong Kim and Hae Kyung Choi contributed equally to this work.

Received 21 September 2015 Accepted 13 November 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the spiritual well-being on social nicotine dependence, alcohol consumption, use of internet and gambling among medical students (n＝271).

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 271 medical students using self-administered questionnaires including the spiritual well-being scale, KTSND score, the alcohol use disorder identification test, the internet addiction test, and the Canadian problem gambling index (Korean Version).

Results

: There were significant negative relationships between spiritual well being and addictive behaviors such as social nicotine dependence (r＝-0.160, P＜0.05), alcohol consumption (r＝-0.357, P＜0.001), internet overuse (r＝-0.156, P＜0.01). High social nicotine dependence was related with high alcohol consumption (r＝ 0.317, P＜0.01), as well as internet overuse with gambling (r＝0.165, P＜0.01). Spiritual well being on was significantly related to alcohol consumption (β＝-0.244, P＜0.01) and use of internet (β＝-0.136, P＜0.01). This suggests the higher spiritual well being score the student has, the lower possibility of alcohol or internet overuse he or she tends to have. On the other hand, the impact of spiritual well being on social nicotine dependence or gambling were not significant.

Conclusions

The milestone of the current study is to provide the importance of better understanding of spiritual background of an individual, and to address the necessity of its holistic approach. Moreover, new spiritual counseling model and its healing program should be developed and validated before application.

Keywords: Spiritual well-being, Nicotine dependence, Alcohol consumption, Internet, Gambling

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Table 1.

Background characteristics of subjects

Characteristics		Value
Sex	Male	190 (70.1)
Sex	Female	81 (29.9)
Marital status	Unmarried	268 (98.9)
	Married	2 (0.7)
	Other	1 (0.4)
Grade	Premedical 1st	52 (19.2)
	Premedical 2nd	36 (13.3)
	Medical 1st	52 (19.2)
	Medical 2nd	50 (18.5)
	Medical 3rd	39 (14.4)
	Medical 4th	42 (15.5)
Smoking status	Current smoker	39 (14.4)
	Past smoker	26 (9.6)
	Never smoker	206 (76.0)
Religion	Christian	81 (29.9)
	Buddhist	16 (5.9)
	Catholicism	17 (6.3)
	No religion	153 (56.5)
	Others	3 (1.1)
	Unkonwn value	1 (0.04)

Values are presented as number (%).

Table 2.

The difference of spiritual well-being, smoking, alcohol consumption, use of Internet and gambling according to demographic characteristics

		Spiritual well-being	Social Nicotine dependence	Alcohol consumption	Use of Internet	Gambling
Datum score		6	30	40	80	27
Overall average (standard deviation)		3.51±0.89	13.30±5.06	9.61±7.23	40.32±12.22	1.08±2.98
Sex	Male	3.41±0.84	14.02±4.94	10.50±7.12	41.47±12.27	1.30±0.54
	Female	3.74±0.96	11.60±4.92	7.54±7.10	37.63±11.73	3.22±2.27
	T (p-value)	-2.868 (0.007)^b	3.684 (0.000)^c	3.132 (0.002)^b	2.432 (0.016)^a	1.939 (0.053)
Religion	Christian	4.33^d±0.87	11.88^d±4.87	6.16^d±7.39	40.03±12.42	1.04±2.75
	Buddhist	3.24^d±0.61	12.18±4.21	12.56^d±8.72	39.31±15.07	0.68±1.40
	Catholicism	3.60^d±0.67	15.11±5.91	11.00±6.49	38.11±11.29	1.23±2.88
	No religion	3.08^d±0.60	13.92^d±5.04	11.00^d±6.50	40.59±12.03	1.14±3.25
	Others	3.38±0.45	14.33±1.52	10.00±4.35	47.00±3.60	0.00±0.00
	F (p-value)	42.368 (0.000)^c	3.009 (0.019)^a	7.511 (0.000)^c	0.415 (0.797)	0.197 (0.940)
Smokingstatus	Current smoker	3.28±0.64	16.92^d±4.17	15.43^d±8.35	39.41±11.35	2.15^d±3.98
	Past smoker	3.50±0.88	16.57^d±3.81	12.20±7.76	42.19±13.74	0.53±0.88
	Never smoker	3.55±0.92	12.19^d±4.85	8.18^d±6.25	40.25±12.21	0.94^d±0.92
	F (p-value)	1.431 (0.241)	23.793 (0.000)^c	21.114 (0.000)^c	0.414 (0.661)	3.245 (0.041)^a
Grade	Premedical 1st	3.60±0.86	12.84±5.64	10.98±7.75	38.92±11.18	0.65±1.67
	Premedical 2nd	3.33±0.78	13.50±4.69	11.41±6.66	40.58±11.81	1.00±2.17
	Medical 1st	3.62±0.92	14.07±4.74	9.05±8.24	41.76±13.90	1.44±3.66
	Medical 2nd	3.41±0.99	12.68±5.73	9.02±6.71	42.16±12.68	1.00±3.13
	Medical 3rd	3.62±0.94	13.48±4.26	8.71±7.44	37.46±11.97	1.20±3.11
	Medical 4th	3.40±0.78	13.28±4.91	8.61±5.82	40.50±11.20	1.19±3.59
	F (p-value)	0.936 (0.458)	0.497 (0.778)	1.233 (0.294)	0.940 (0.455)	0.401 (0.848)

^a p＜0.05.

^b p＜0.01.

^c p＜0.001.

^d Significant difference on post hoc test.

Table 3.

Correlation analysis of spiritual well-being, smoking, alcohol consumption, use of Internet and gambling

	Spiritual well-being	Social nicotine dependence	Alcohol consumption	Use of Internet	Gambling
Spiritual well-being	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Social nicotine dependence	-0.160^a	0.317^a	0.073	0.165^a
Addictions of alcohol	-0.357^b	-0.014	0.102
Addictions of internet	-0.156^a	-0.009
Addictions of gamble	-0.090

^a p＜0.01.

^b p＜0.001.

Table 4.

The hierarchical regression analysis of spiritual well-being, social nicotine dependence, alcohol consumption, use of internet and gambling

Independent variable	Dependent variables: Social nicotine dependence
	Model 1				Model 2
	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t
Sex	1.578	0.655	0.143	2.407^a	1.529	0.662	0.139	2.310^a
Smoking status	3.528	0.854	0.245	4.130^c	3.520	0.885	0.245	4.115^c
Religion 1	-0.157	0.884	-0.015	-0.178	-0.008	0.896	-0.008	-0.089
Religion 2	-1.422	0.958	-0.129	-1.484	-1.207	1.030	-0.109	-1.173
Spiritual well being					-0.239	0.419	-0.042	-0.570
R²＝0.129 Corrected R²＝0.116 F＝9.839^c					R²＝0.130 Corrected R²＝0.114 F＝7.916^c
Independent variable	Dependent variables: Addiction of alcohol
	Model 1				Model 2
	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t
Sex	1.501	0.900	0.095	1.667	1.097	0.889	0.070	1.234
Smoking status	5.675	1.173	0.276	4.838^c	5.607	1.149	0.273	4.881^c
Religion 1	0.546	1.214	0.037	0.450	1.189	1.203	0.082	0.988
Religion 2	-4.782	1.315	-0.303	-3.636^c	-3.009	1.383	-0.191	-2.176^a
Spiritual well being					-1.980	0.563	-0.244	-3.51^b
R²＝0.196 Corrected R²＝0.184 F＝16.201^c					R²＝0.232 Corrected R²＝0.218 F＝15.987^c
Independent variable	Dependent variables: Addiction of internet
	Model 1				Model 2
	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t
Sex	3.839	1.607	0.144	2.388^a	3.216	1.620	0.121	1.986^a
Spiritual well being					-1.858	0.833	-0.136	-2.231^a
R²＝0.021 Corrected R²＝0.017 F＝5.704^a					R²＝0.039 Corrected R²＝0.031 F＝5.383^b
Independent variable	Dependent variables: Addiction of gamble
	Model 1				Model 2
	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t
Smoking status	1.192	0.510	0.149	2.464^a	1.192	0.512	0.141	2.326^a
Spiritual well being					-0.254	0.202	-0.076	-1.255
R²＝0.022 Corrected R²＝0.018 F＝6.071^a					R²＝0.028 Corrected R²＝0.021 F＝3.830^a

Sex: Male＝1, Female＝0. Smoking status: Current smoking 1, Others＝0. Religion 1: Yes＝1, No＝0. Religion 2: Christian＝1, Others＝0. Model 1 is the effect of Demographic characteristics (Selection of significan variables on T-test and Anova anaysis) to dependent variables. Model 2 is the Demographic characteristics (Selection of significan variables on T-test and Anova anaysis) and effect of spiritual well being to dependent variables.

^a p＜0.05.

^b p＜0.01.

^c p＜0.001.

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