Development and relative validity of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for Korean adults

Sohye Kim; Jung Sug Lee; Kyung Hee Hong; Hye Sun Yeom; Yeon Seo Nam; Ju Young Kim; Yoo Kyung Park

doi:10.4163/jnh.2018.51.1.103

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Kim, Lee, Hong, Yeom, Nam, Kim, and Park: Development and relative validity of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for Korean adults

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2018; 51(1): 103-119.

Published online: 28 February 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2018.51.1.103

Development and relative validity of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for Korean adults

Sohye Kim^1,^4,^*, Jung Sug Lee^2,^*, Kyung Hee Hong³, Hye Sun Yeom⁴, Yeon Seo Nam⁵, Ju Young Kim⁶, Yoo Kyung Park¹

¹Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707 Korea.

³Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dongseo University, Pusan 47011, Korea.

⁴Nutrition Care Services, Seoul National University of Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620, Korea.

⁵Nutrition Department VHS Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Korea.

⁶Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University of Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-31-201-3816, ypark@khu.ac.kr

Equal contributor:

*These authors contributed equally to this article.

Received 13 September 2017 Revised 6 November 2017 Accepted 23 January 2018

The Korean Nutrition Society

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was implemented to develop and validate the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) to assess energy, carbohydrates, fat, protein, minerals, and vitamins as well as fatty acids and alcohol in Korean adults.

Methods

The SQ-FFQ consisted of 88 food items, and 12 food groups were selected based on information of frequently consumed foods from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination survey. Each portion size was categorized as one of three amounts: small (0.5 times), medium (1 time), and large (1.5 times). A total of 111 subjects finished 3-day diet records and the SQ-FFQ. The relative validity of SQ-FFQ was assessed by comparison with the 3-day diet records.

Results

The mean nutrient intakes obtained from the SQ-FFQ were estimated to be greater than those of the two 3-day dietary records. Spearman's correlation coefficient between the two methods was the highest for energy (r = 0.583; p < 0.001) and lowest for saturated fatty acid (r = 0.121). Correlation coefficients were energy (r = 0.583; p < 0.001), carbohydrates (r = 0.500; p < 0.001), protein (r = 0.466; p < 0.001), fat (r = 0.411; p < 0.001), dietary fiber (r = 0.467; p < 0.001), alcohol (r = 0.527; p < 0.001), calcium (r = 0.409; p < 0.001), phosphorus (r = 0.499; p < 0.001), potassium (r = 0.418; p < 0.001), magnesium (r = 0.427; p < 0.001), and zinc (r = 0.464; p < 0.001), respectively, for all subjects.

Conclusion

The developed SQ-FFQ in this study seems to be useful for estimating nutritional status, particularly energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, dietary fiber, alcohol, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and zinc of Korean adults.

Keywords: relative validity, 3-day diet records, Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ)

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Diagram to develop semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.

Table 1

Lists of food items of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires and standards of classification in each food group

Table 2

General characteristics of the study subjects

1) mean ± SD. 2) n(%)

Table 3

Mean and standard deviation of selected nutrients measured by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 3-day dietary records (3DRs)

1) Mean of three dietary records. 2) Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. 3) Obtained from paired t-test. 4) mean ± SD

^*significance different at p < 0.05

PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid, SFA: saturated fatty acid

Table 4

Spearman correlation coefficient between nutrients measured by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 3-day dietary records (3DRs)

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid, SFA: saturated fatty acid

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