Potassium intake of Korean adults: Based on 2007~2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Su Yeoun Lee; Sim-Yeol Lee; Young-Eun Ko; Sun Yung Ly

doi:10.4163/jnh.2017.50.1.98

Journal List > J Nutr Health > v.50(1) > 1081544

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Lee, Lee, Ko, and Ly: Potassium intake of Korean adults: Based on 2007~2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2017; 50(1): 98-110.

Published online: 28 February 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.1.98

Potassium intake of Korean adults: Based on 2007~2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Su Yeoun Lee¹, Sim-Yeol Lee², Young-Eun Ko¹, Sun Yung Ly¹

¹Department of Food & Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.

²Department of Home Economics Education, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-42-821-6838, sunly@cnu.ac.kr

Received 10 October 2016 Revised 27 October 2016 Accepted 9 January 2017

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary potassium intake, Na/K intake molar ratio, consumption of 18 food groups, and foods contributing to potassium intake of Korean adults as well as the relationships among quartile of potassium intake level and blood pressure, blood biochemical index.

Methods

This study was conducted using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007~2010. The total number of subjects was 20,291. All analyses were conducted using a survey weighting to account for the complex survey design.

Results

Overall average intakes of potassium were 2,934.7, 3,070.6, 3,078.1, and 3,232.0 mg/day, and they significantly increased by year in Korean adults. The average dietary potassium intake was close to adequate intake (AI), whereas that of women was considerably lower than the AI. The Na/K intake molar ratio in males (2.89~3.23) was higher than in females (2.62~2.95). The major food groups contributing to potassium intake were vegetables, cereals, and fruits/meats. The two major foods contributing to potassium intake were polished rice and cabbage kimchi. The rankings of food source were as follows; polished rice > cabbage kimchi > potato > oriental melon > sweet potato > seaweed > radish > apple > black soybean. In 50~64 year old females, systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly decreased (p < 0.01) and HDL-cholesterol significantly increased (p < 0.05) as potassium intake increased. Triglyceride (TG) was significantly higher in the other quartile of potassium intake level than in the first quartile (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study suggests the need for an appropriate set of dietary reference intakes according to caloric intake by sex and age groups and for development of eating patterns to increase potassium intake and decrease sodium intake.

Keywords: dietary potassium, Korean adults, food source, blood pressure

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Number of subjects for Korean adults 19 or 20~74 yrs of by gender and age : KNHANES 2007~2010

1) Data are expressed as frequency and percentage (%). 2) 2010: 19~49 years

Table 2

Daily potassium intake and less than adequate intake (AI) fraction of the subjects by gender and age (mg/day)

1) 2010 : 19~49 yrs 2) All values are expressed as mean ± SE. 3) Sampling weight was applied to all values. 4) F-values were based on the results from the complex samples general linear model. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

Table 3

Na:K intake molar ratio of Korean adults by gender and age

1) 2010 : 19~49 yrs 2) All values are expressed as mean ± SE. 3) Sampling weight was applied to all values. 4) F-values were based on the results from the complex samples general linear model.

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

Table 4

Contribution and accumulated contribution of potassium-rich foods by age and gender, KHANES 2010

1) Con% : contribution percentage 2) Cum% : cumulative percentage

Table 5

Contribution and accumulated contribution of food groups towards the daily mean intake of potassium by age & gender, KHANES 2010

1) Con% : contribution percentage 2) Cum% : cumulative percentage

Table 6

Blood pressure and biochemical indices according to quartile of potassium intake level in Korean adult aged 20~49 years

1) 2010: 19~49 yrs 2) SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Crea, creatinine 3) Quartile of potassium intake (N) 4) All values are expressed as mean ± SE. 5) Sampling weight was applied to all values. 6) F-values were based on the results from the complex samples general linear model.

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

Table 7

Blood pressure and blood biochemical index according to quartile of potassium intake level in Korean adult aged 50~64 years

1) SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Crea, creatinine 2) Quartile of potassium intake (N) 3) All values are expressed as mean ± SE. 4) Sampling weight was applied to all values. 5) F-values were based on the results from the complex samples general linear model.

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01

References

1. Zacchia M, Abategiovanni ML, Stratigis S, Capasso G. Potassium: from physiology to clinical implications. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2016; 2(2):72–79.

2. Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, Youn JH, Kone BC. Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150(9):619–625.

3. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in highrisk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002; 288(23):2981–2997.

4. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press;2005.

5. Statistics Korea. The annual report on the cause of death statistics: 2014. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2015.

6. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2011: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-2). Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2012.

7. Meneton P, Jeunemaitre X, de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Links between dietary salt intake, renal salt handling, blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiol Rev. 2005; 85(2):679–715.

8. Song DY, Park JE, Shim JE, Lee JE. Trends in the major dish groups and food groups contributing to sodium intake in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998-2010. Korean J Nutr. 2013; 46(1):72–85.

9. World Health Organization. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization;2003.

10. Chang HY, Hu YW, Yue CS, Wen YW, Yeh WT, Hsu LS, Tsai SY, Pan WH. Effect of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83(6):1289–1296.

11. Yang Q, Liu T, Kuklina EV, Flanders WD, Hong Y, Gillespie C, Chang MH, Gwinn M, Dowling N, Khoury MJ, Hu FB. Sodium and potassium intake and mortality among US adults: prospective data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2011; 171(13):1183–1191.

12. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Fortnightly review: beneficial effects of potassium. BMJ. 2001; 323(7311):497–501.

13. U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. U.S. Agricultural Research Service. Report of the dietary guidelines advisory committee on the dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture;2010.

14. Andreeva VA, Deschamps V, Salanave B, Castetbon K, Verdot C, Kesse-Guyot E, Hercberg S. Comparison of dietary intakes between a large online cohort study (Etude NutriNet-Santé) and a nationally representative cross-sectional study (Etude Nationale Nutrition Santé) in France: addressing the issue of generalizability in e-epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2016; 184(9):660–669.

15. Public Health England. National diet and nutrition survey: results from years 1-4 (combined) of the rolling programme (2008/2009-2011/12). London: Public Health England;2014.

16. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (JP). 2012 National health and nutrition survey report. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare;2012.

17. Smith SR, Klotman PE, Svetkey LP. Potassium chloride lowers blood pressure and causes natriuresis in older patients with hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992; 2(8):1302–1309.

18. Hirvonen T, Pietinen P, Virtanen M, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Nutrient intake and use of beverages and the risk of kidney stones among male smokers. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 150(2):187–194.

19. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2010: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1). Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2011.

20. Weaver CM. Potassium and health. Adv Nutr. 2013; 4(3):368S–377S.

21. Ahn EM, Kang MS, Gong JE, Choe JS, Park YH, Lee JY, Kim HR. The changes of energy nutrient intake, frequently consumed dishes and staple food consumption: based on the first to the forth (1998~2008) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES I~IV-2). Korean J Community Living Sci. 2011; 22(4):669–678.

22. Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, Suzuki K, Fukushima N, Hara A, Asayama K, Satoh H, Tsubono Y, Imai Y. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the OHASAMA study. J Hum Hypertens. 2011; 25(3):164–171.

23. Son SM, Huh GY. Dietary risk factors associated with hypertension in patients. Korean J Community Nutr. 2006; 11(5):661–672.

24. Buyck JF, Blacher J, Kesse-Guyot E, Castetbon K, Galan P, Safar M, Hercberg S, Czernichow S. Differential associations of dietary sodium and potassium intake with blood pressure: a focus on pulse pressure. J Hypertens. 2009; 27(6):1158–1164.

25. Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE. Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2003; 17(7):471–480.

26. Houston MC. The importance of potassium in managing hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011; 13(4):309–317.

27. Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2013; 346:f1378.

28. Teramoto T, Kawamori R, Miyazaki S, Teramukai S. OMEGA Study Group. Sodium intake in men and potassium intake in women determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Japanese hypertensive patients: OMEGA Study. Hypertens Res. 2011; 34(8):957–962.

29. Mukete BN, Rosendorff C. Effects of low-dose thiazide diuretics on fasting plasma glucose and serum potassium: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2013; 7(6):454–466.

30. Stark JL. BUN/creatinine: your keys to kidney function. Nursing. 1980; 10(5):33–38.

31. Barba PD, Goode JL. Nutrition assessment in chronic kidney disease. In : Byham-Gray L, Wiessen K, editors. A Clinical Guide to Nutrition Care in Kidney Disease. Chicago (IL): American Dietetic Association;2004. p. 7–20.

32. Jain N, Kotla S, Little BB, Weideman RA, Brilakis ES, Reilly RF, Banerjee S. Predictors of hyperkalemia and death in patients with cardiac and renal disease. Am J Cardiol. 2012; 109(10):1510–1513.

33. Wang HH, Hung CC, Hwang DY, Kuo MC, Chiu YW, Chang JM, Tsai JC, Hwang SJ, Seifter JL, Chen HC. Hypokalemia, its contributing factors and renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. PLoS One. 2013; 8(7):e67140.

TOOLS

Similar articles