Study on snack intakes in obese elementary students in Jeju city

Yangsook Ko; You-Yeong Lee; Insook Chae; Yunkyoung Lee; Yoonsuk Jekal; Hyeung-Keun Park

doi:10.4163/jnh.2017.50.1.85

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Ko, Lee, Chae, Lee, Jekal, and Park: Study on snack intakes in obese elementary students in Jeju city

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2017; 50(1): 85-97.

Published online: 28 February 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.1.85

Study on snack intakes in obese elementary students in Jeju city

Yangsook Ko¹, You-Yeong Lee¹, Insook Chae¹, Yunkyoung Lee¹, Yoonsuk Jekal², Hyeung-Keun Park³

¹Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.

²Department of Physical Education, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.

³Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-64-754-3860, realist@jejunu.ac.kr

Received 17 January 2017 Revised 26 January 2017 Accepted 8 February 2017

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to investigate dietary habits related to weight reduction and snack intake habits of 4^th to 5^th grade elementary students located in Jeju-si, Jeju, South Korea.

Methods

The 4^th and 5^th grade elementary school students (total n = 234, equally matched numbers of normal weight children and overweight/obese children (n = 117/group)) were surveyed using a questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall method in Oct 2015.

Results

The percentage of students who experienced reduced food intake to control weight was 26.3% in the normal weight group (NG) and 77.6% in the obese group (OG). Most frequently answered meal for reduced intake was snacks in the NG and dinner in the OG. Percentages of daily calorie intake among subjects were 17.2% for breakfast, 33.8% for lunch, 29.7% for dinner, and 19.3% for snacks. Frequency of snack intake was 2.1 times a week in NG and 1.6 times a week in OG, which showed a statistical difference between body weight groups. Types of snack foods were distinctly different depending on where children consumed them, although no difference was observed between NG and OG. In addition, snack intake level of low energy and nutrient-dense foods was significantly lower in the OG compared to the NG, whereas snack intake level of energy dense and low-nutritive foods was not different between the OG and NG.

Conclusion

Taken together, snack intake level with consideration of frequency and amount of snack intake showed that children in the OG consumed significantly less low energy and nutrient-dense foods compared to the NG. Therefore, nutritional education for choosing healthy snack foods for children regardless of body weight status is crucial based on family-school links.

Keywords: elementary school students, obesity, snack intake, case control, Jeju

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Height, weight, obesity index of subjects by gender and body weight status

1) NG: normal weight group 2) OG: obese group 3) Values are mean ± SD. 4) NS: not significant difference 5) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by t-test (^***p < 0.001).

Table 2

Daily energy intake and nutrients by subjects' gender and body weight

1) NG: normal weight group 2) OG: obese group 3) Values are mean ± SEM. 4) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by t-test (^*p < 0.0.5, ^**p < 0.01). 5) NS: no significance

Table 3

Mean daily energy and nutrient intakes of subjects by each of meals by subjects' body weight

1) NG: normal weight group 2) OG: obese group 3) Values are mean ± SD. 4) Significant difference between NG and OG by t-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01).

Table 4

Dietary habits related to weight reduction according to gender and body weight

1) NG: normal body weight group, OG: obese group 2) Values are number (%). 3) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by χ²-test (^*p < 0.05 ^**p < 0.01, ^*** p <0.001). 4) NS: not significant

Table 5

Types and number of foods to be reduced to control weight by gender and body weight

1) NG: normal body weight group, OG: obese group 2) Values are number (%). 3) NS: not significant 4) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by χ²-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001).

Table 6

Types of snack food items by location of snack foods consumed by subjects

1) NG: normal weight group 2) OG: obese group 3) NS: No significance 4) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by χ²-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001).

Table 7

Frequency of snack foods intake and Snack food intake level1) by location of snack foods consumed by subjects

1) Food intake level = Selection of particular snack foods × Frequency 2) ‘never’ 0, ‘once or twice a week’ 1, ‘three to four times a week’ 2, ‘once a day’ 3, ‘more than twice a day’ 4 3) Values are mean ± SD. 4) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by t-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01). 5) Potato· sweet potato· rice cake, milk· yogurt, fruit· fruit juice 6) NS: not significant difference 7) Sweet bread/buns· cake· donut, cookies· candies· chocolate, gimbap· triangular gimbap· stir-fried rice cake· sundae, hamburger· pizza· fried chicken· sausage· hotdog, ice cream, soft drinks, ramen· instant noodle, others 8) Total snack foods intake: general snack food intake + snack food intake taken near schools or institutes

Table 8

Comparison of energy and energy-producing nutrients of some snack food items by subjects' body weight

1) Values are mean ± SD. 2) NS: No significance 3) Significant difference between NG and OG by t-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01).

Notes

This work was supported by the 2016 scientific promotion program funded by Jeju National University.

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