Study on snack intakes in obese elementary students in Jeju city

Yangsook Ko; You-Yeong Lee; Insook Chae; Yunkyoung Lee; Yoonsuk Jekal; Hyeung-Keun Park

doi:10.4163/jnh.2017.50.1.85

Journal List > J Nutr Health > v.50(1) > 1081543

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Ko, Lee, Chae, Lee, Jekal, and Park: Study on snack intakes in obese elementary students in Jeju city

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2017; 50(1): 85-97.

Published online: 28 February 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.1.85

Study on snack intakes in obese elementary students in Jeju city

Yangsook Ko¹, You-Yeong Lee¹, Insook Chae¹, Yunkyoung Lee¹, Yoonsuk Jekal², Hyeung-Keun Park³

¹Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.

²Department of Physical Education, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.

³Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-64-754-3860, realist@jejunu.ac.kr

Received 17 January 2017 Revised 26 January 2017 Accepted 8 February 2017

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to investigate dietary habits related to weight reduction and snack intake habits of 4^th to 5^th grade elementary students located in Jeju-si, Jeju, South Korea.

Methods

The 4^th and 5^th grade elementary school students (total n = 234, equally matched numbers of normal weight children and overweight/obese children (n = 117/group)) were surveyed using a questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall method in Oct 2015.

Results

The percentage of students who experienced reduced food intake to control weight was 26.3% in the normal weight group (NG) and 77.6% in the obese group (OG). Most frequently answered meal for reduced intake was snacks in the NG and dinner in the OG. Percentages of daily calorie intake among subjects were 17.2% for breakfast, 33.8% for lunch, 29.7% for dinner, and 19.3% for snacks. Frequency of snack intake was 2.1 times a week in NG and 1.6 times a week in OG, which showed a statistical difference between body weight groups. Types of snack foods were distinctly different depending on where children consumed them, although no difference was observed between NG and OG. In addition, snack intake level of low energy and nutrient-dense foods was significantly lower in the OG compared to the NG, whereas snack intake level of energy dense and low-nutritive foods was not different between the OG and NG.

Conclusion

Taken together, snack intake level with consideration of frequency and amount of snack intake showed that children in the OG consumed significantly less low energy and nutrient-dense foods compared to the NG. Therefore, nutritional education for choosing healthy snack foods for children regardless of body weight status is crucial based on family-school links.

Keywords: elementary school students, obesity, snack intake, case control, Jeju

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Height, weight, obesity index of subjects by gender and body weight status

1) NG: normal weight group 2) OG: obese group 3) Values are mean ± SD. 4) NS: not significant difference 5) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by t-test (^***p < 0.001).

Table 2

Daily energy intake and nutrients by subjects' gender and body weight

1) NG: normal weight group 2) OG: obese group 3) Values are mean ± SEM. 4) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by t-test (^*p < 0.0.5, ^**p < 0.01). 5) NS: no significance

Table 3

Mean daily energy and nutrient intakes of subjects by each of meals by subjects' body weight

1) NG: normal weight group 2) OG: obese group 3) Values are mean ± SD. 4) Significant difference between NG and OG by t-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01).

Table 4

Dietary habits related to weight reduction according to gender and body weight

1) NG: normal body weight group, OG: obese group 2) Values are number (%). 3) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by χ²-test (^*p < 0.05 ^**p < 0.01, ^*** p <0.001). 4) NS: not significant

Table 5

Types and number of foods to be reduced to control weight by gender and body weight

1) NG: normal body weight group, OG: obese group 2) Values are number (%). 3) NS: not significant 4) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by χ²-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001).

Table 6

Types of snack food items by location of snack foods consumed by subjects

1) NG: normal weight group 2) OG: obese group 3) NS: No significance 4) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by χ²-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001).

Table 7

Frequency of snack foods intake and Snack food intake level1) by location of snack foods consumed by subjects

1) Food intake level = Selection of particular snack foods × Frequency 2) ‘never’ 0, ‘once or twice a week’ 1, ‘three to four times a week’ 2, ‘once a day’ 3, ‘more than twice a day’ 4 3) Values are mean ± SD. 4) Significant difference between boys and girls or NG and OG by t-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01). 5) Potato· sweet potato· rice cake, milk· yogurt, fruit· fruit juice 6) NS: not significant difference 7) Sweet bread/buns· cake· donut, cookies· candies· chocolate, gimbap· triangular gimbap· stir-fried rice cake· sundae, hamburger· pizza· fried chicken· sausage· hotdog, ice cream, soft drinks, ramen· instant noodle, others 8) Total snack foods intake: general snack food intake + snack food intake taken near schools or institutes

Table 8

Comparison of energy and energy-producing nutrients of some snack food items by subjects' body weight

1) Values are mean ± SD. 2) NS: No significance 3) Significant difference between NG and OG by t-test (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01).

Notes

This work was supported by the 2016 scientific promotion program funded by Jeju National University.

References

1. Ko YS. Abstracts of articles: characteristics of eating behavior of the long-lived elderly people in Jeju area. J Cheju Stud. 2003; 23:95–129.

2. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2014: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-2). Cheongju: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2015.

3. World Health Organization 10 facts on obesity 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization;2014.

4. Ministry of Education (KR). School health examination survey 2014 [Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Education;2015. 2015 Feb 11. Available from : http://www.moe.go.kr/.

5. Lee JB, Lee JO, Kim SW, Kang JH, Yang YJ. The prevalence and risk factors of childhood obesity in elementary students in Seoul. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 2000; 21(7):866–875.

6. Knittle JL. Obesity in childhood: a problem in adipose tissue cellular development. J Pediatr. 1972; 81(6):1048–1059.

7. Lee DH. Assessment and treatment of childhood obesity. J Korean Pediatr Soc. 1996; 39(8):1055–1065.

8. Lee HK. Obesity and its associated diseases. Korean J Obes. 1992; 1(1):34–39.

9. Phillips SM, Bandini LG, Naumova EN, Cyr H, Colclough S, Dietz WH, Must A. Energy-dense snack food intake in adolescence: longitudinal relationship to weight and fatness. Obes Res. 2004; 12(3):461–472.

10. van der Horst K, Oenema A, Ferreira I, Wendel-Vos W, Giskes K, van Lenthe F, Brug J. A systematic review of environmental correlates of obesity-related dietary behaviors in youth. Health Educ Res. 2007; 22(2):203–226.

11. Baek S. Do obese children exhibit distinguishable behaviours from normal weight children?: based on literature review. Korean J Community Nutr. 2008; 13(3):386–395.

12. Lee YN, Yim KS, Lee SK, Mo S, Choi H. Diet-related factors of overweight adolescent girls. Korean J Community Nutr. 1996; 1(3):354–365.

13. Lee YJ, Chang KJ. A comparative study of obese children and normal children on dietary intake and environmental factors at an elementary school in Inchon. Korean J Community Nutr. 1999; 4(4):504–511.

14. Her ES. Association of Interpersonal relationships with preference and intake frequency of snack with a focus on obesity index and snack preparations in upper grade elementary school students. Korean J Food Nutr. 2015; 28(2):178–188.

15. Choi MK, Bae YJ. Relation among snack intake, obesity index and blood parameters in obese elementary-school children. J East Asian Soc Diet Life. 2008; 18(4):489–498.

16. Choi JH, Cho SY, Heo BY. Seoul: Kyomonsa;1994.

17. Yang BM. The food and water consumption condition of the preschool children in Jeju by duplicated food collection [dissertation]. Jeju: Jeju National University;2004.

18. Park YS. Intake of snack by the elementary school children in Hansan-do area 1. Korean J Soc Food Cookery Sci. 2003; 19(1):96–106.

19. Lee KW, Lee HS, Lee MJ. A study on the eating behaviors of self-purchasing snack among elementary school students. Korean J Food Cult. 2005; 20(5):594–602.

20. Beak YM, Jung SJ, Beak HI, Cha YS. A study on eating out and snack intake of elementary school students living in Jeonbuk province. Korean J Hum Ecol. 2007; 10(2):77–87.

21. Cho EA, Lee SK, Heo GJ. Snack consumption behaviors and nutrition knowledge among elementary school students in Siheung-si. Korean J Community Nutr. 2010; 15(2):169–179.

22. Kang SA, Lee JW, Kim KE, Koo JO, Park DY. A study of the frequency of food purchase for snacking and its related ecological factors on elementary school children. Korean J Community Nutr. 2004; 9(4):453–463.

23. OH SJ. A comparative study of dietary behaviros of obese children and normal children in high grade students of elementary school in Jeju [dissertation]. Jeju: Jeju National University;2007.

24. Ko YS, Kang HY. A study of the major dish group, food group and meal contributing to sodium and nutrient intake in Jeju elementary and middle school students. J Nutr Health. 2014; 47(1):51–66.

25. Ministry of Health and Welfare (KR). The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2016.

26. Kim OH, Park HA, Cho YG, Kim KW, Hur Y, Song JH, Kang JH. Health status and nutrient intakes of 5th grade elementary students in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. Korean J Community Nutr. 2010; 15(6):717–726.

27. Kim SA, Lee BH. Relationships between the nutrient intake status, dietary habits, academic stress and academic achievement in the elementary school children in Bucheon-si. Korean J Nutr. 2008; 41(8):786–796.

28. Lee JC, Kim MH. A study on dietary related factors and blood parameters of obese children residing in Samcheok. J Korean Diet Assoc. 2005; 11(2):190–204.

29. Yim KS, Yoon EY, Kim CI, Kim KT, Kim CI, Mo SM, Choi HM. Eating behavior, obesity and serum lipid levels in children. Korean J Nutr. 1993; 26(1):56–66.

30. Kim JY. Between-and within-individual variation in nutrient intake of the primary school children in Jeju [dissertation]. Jeju: Jeju National University;2001.

31. Kim BH, Choi JH. Perceived body image, intentional caloric restriction and physical manifestations of unbalanced nutrition according to body mass index in fifth and sixth grade elementary school students. J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs. 2009; 15(4):359–366.

32. Ha SA, Lee SY, Kim KA, Seo JS, Sohn CM, Park HR, Kim KW. Eating habits, physical activity, nutrition knowledge, and self-efficacy by obesity status in upper-grade elementary school students. Nutr Res Pract. 2016; 10(6):597–605.

33. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2010: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1). Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2011.

34. Kim Y, Chang H. Correlation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sugar consumption, quality of diet, and dietary behavior in school children. Nutr Res Pract. 2011; 5(3):236–245.

35. Livingstone MB, Robson PJ. Measurement of dietary intake in children. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000; 59(2):279–293.

36. Chae PS. Study on the factor of dietary habit and snack intake of elementary schoolchild in Daegu [dissertation]. Gyeongsan: Daegu Haany University;2012.

TOOLS

Similar articles