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Abstract
Purpose
In this study, factors of metabolic syndrome and nutritional status were examined according to gender and occupations using the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: This study was conducted on 1,750 workers (male: 892, female: 858) aged between 30 and 64, who participated in a health survey, health examination, and nutrition survey using the 6th 2013 KNHANES. Occupations were classified into white collar and blue collar workers, and nutrient intake was analyzed using a food frequency questionnaire. Analysis of complex sample design data through SPSS 19.0 was used for analysis. Results: The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome among blue collar (35.1%) was higher than that among white collar workers (26.8%) in male subjects (p < 0.05) as well as in blue collar (24.8%) compared to white collar workers (8.9%) in female subjects (p < 0.001). Intake frequency per week, considering one portion by food category, showed significant differences in cooked rice (p < 0.05) and bakeries and confectioneries (p < 0.05) in make workers as well as stew and casserole (p < 0.01) and fruits (p < 0.05) in female workers. With regard to nutrient intake by occupation and gender, white collar workers consumed a greater amount of nutrients (not including total energy intake) compared to blue collar workers in both male and female workers. With regard to nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) according to gender and occupation, white collar workers showed higher numbers than blue collar workers in both male and female subjects. Conclusions: This study examined the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome and nutrient intake according to gender and occupation. In both male and female subjects, blue collar workers showed higher prevalence rates compared to white collar workers, and their diet quality was worse than white collar workers' diet quality. Considering this result, customized nutrition education according to gender and occupation should be provided to workers to prevent diseases.
References
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Table 1.
Socioeconomic and health-related characteristics of the subjects by sex
Table 2.
The anthropometric characteristics, biochemical indices and prevalence of each component of the metabolic syndrome of the subjects by sex
| Variables | Male (n = 892) | Female (n = 858) | Total (n = 1,750) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue-collar | White-collar | p-value | e Blue-collar | White-collar | p-value | Blue-collar | White-collar | p-value | |
| (n = 539) | (n = 353) | (n = 532) | (n = 326) | (n = 1,071) | (n = 679) | ||||
| Height (cm) | 170.89 ± 0.311) | ) 171.96 ± 0.34 | 0.019∗ | 157.30 ± 0.28 | 159.65 ± 0.36 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 165.30 ± 0.30 | 167.00 ± 0.38 | 0.001∗∗ |
| Weight (kg) | 71.96 ± 0.49 | 72.82 ± 0.57 | 0.243 | 59.02 ± 0.41 | 56.92 ± 0.51 | 0.001∗∗ | 66.64 ± 0.38 | 66.41 ± 0.51 | 0.709 |
| Waist circumference (cm | 84.30 ± 0.40 | 84.47 ± 0.50 | 0.772 | 78.40 ± 0.43 | 74.09 ± 0.53 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 81.87 ± 0.33 | 80.29 ± 0.44 | 0.002∗∗ |
| BMI (kg/m2)3) | 24.60 ± 0.14 | 24.61 ± 0.17 | 0.956 | 23.85 ± 0.16 | 22.36 ± 0.20 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 24.29 ± 0.11 | 23.70 ± 0.14 | < 0.001∗∗∗ |
| Underweight | 6 (1.2)2) | 5.0 (1.1) | 15 (2.9) | 19 (7.1) | 21 (1.9) | 24 (3.5) | |||
| Normal Overweight | 167 (31.7) 124 (23.6) | 106 (31.1) 95 (26.3) | 0.838 | 201 (39.0) 144 (26.9) | 197 (60.0) 47 (14.6) | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 368 (32.7) 268 (24.9) | 302 (42.8) 142 (21.6) | 0.002∗∗ |
| Obesity | 242 (43.5) | 147 (41.4) | 172 (31.2) | 64 (18.3) | 414 (38.4) | 211 (32.1) | |||
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 119.11 ± 0.8 | 118.23 ± 0.77 | 0.427 | 115.74 ± 0.73 | 107.77 ± 0.71 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 117.72 ± 0.58 | 114.01 ± 0.62 | < 0.001∗∗∗ |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 79.82 ± 0.52 | 80.70 ± 0.69 | 0.285 | 75.12 ± 0.49 | 72.33 ± 0.49 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 77.89 ± 0.41 | 77.32 ± 0.50 | 0.335 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 102.95 ± 0.92 | 98.68 ± 0.91 | 0.001∗∗ | ∗ 98.19 ± 1.10 | 92.29 ± 0.66 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 100.99 ± 0.78 | 96.10 ± 0.61 | < 0.001∗∗∗ |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 189.58 ± 1.78 | 194.53 ± 2.57 | 0.112 | 194.52 ± 1.85 | 184.81 ± 1.84 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 191.62 ± 1.21 | 190.61 ± 1.50 | 0.598 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 44.49 ± 0.49 | 44.56 ± 0.51 | 0.919 | 50.70 ± 0.51 | 53.04 ± 0.68 | 0.005∗∗ | 47.04 ± 0.36 | 47.98 ± 0.43 | 0.088 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)4) | 110.67 ± 1.82 | 114.20 ± 2.35 | 0.119 | 118.73 ± 1.52 | 112.62 ± 1.53 | 0.005∗∗ | 113.98 ± 1.24 | 113.56 ± 1.42 | 0.811 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 172.13 ± 7.77 | 178.83 ± 8.67 | 0.584 | 125.47 ± 5.58 | 95.77 ± 3.59 | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 152.94 ± 5.23 | 145.32 ± 5.51 | 0.341 |
| Metabolic Syndrome5) | 187 (35.1) | 99 (26.8) | 0.012∗ | 137 (24.8) | 33 (8.9) | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 324 (30.9) | 132 (19.6) < | < 0.001∗∗∗ |
| Abdominal obesity6) | 140 (26.1) | 88 (23.1) | 0.320 | 112 (19.5) | 34 (10.0) | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 252 (23.4) | 122 (17.8) | 0.007∗∗ |
| High blood pressure7) | 226 (40.6) | 146 (38.9) | 0.631 | 178 (32.0) | 49 (13.7) | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 404 (37.1) | 195 (28.7) | 0.001∗∗ |
| Hyperglycemia8) | 244 (44.1) | 113 (32.6) | 0.001∗∗ | ∗ 155 (29.3) | 47 (13.4) | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 399 (38.0) | 160 (24.9) < | < 0.001∗∗∗ |
| Hypertriglyceridemia9) | 237 (44.2) | 153 (43.5) | 0.844 | 155 (29.2) | 55 (15.9) | < 0.001∗∗∗ | 392 (38.1) | 208 (32.4) | 0.022∗ |
| Low HDL cholesterol10) | 200 (38.4) | 125 (35.5) | 0.439 | 282 (52.1) | 140 (40.9) | 0.003∗∗ | 482 (44.0) | 265 (37.7) | 0.014∗ |
1) Mean ± SD 2) n (%) 3) Underweight: < 18.5 kg/m2, Normal: 18.5–22.9 kg/m2, Overweight: 23.0–24.9 kg/m2, Obesity: ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) LDL cholesterol = total cholesterol – HDL cholesterol – (triglyceride / 5) 5) Metabolic syndrome by NCEP ATP III criteria 6) Waist circumference: Male ≥ 90 cm, Female ≥ 85 cm 7) Blood pressure: ≥ 130/85 mmHg or medication 8) Fasting blood glucose: ≥ 110 mg/ dl or medication 9) Triglycerides: ≥ 150 mg/dl or medication 10) HDL cholesterol: Male < 40 mg/dl, Female < 50 mg/dl ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 by complex samples χ2-test and general linear model t-test
Table 3.
OR and 95% CI for the metabolic syndrome factors compared to blue-collar
1) Waist circumference: Male ≥ 90 cm, Female ≥ 85 cm 2) Blood pressure: ≥ 130/85 mmHg or medication 3) Fasting blood glucose: ≥ 110 mg/dl or medication 4) Triglycerides: ≥ 150 mg/dl or medication 5) HDL cholesterol: Male < 40 mg/dl, Female < 50 mg/dl 6) Adjusted for age, education, income, smoking, drinking OR: Odds Ratio, CI: Confidence Interval,
Table 4.
Dish frequency from each dish group of the subjects by sex
Table 5.
Comparison of nutrients intake of the subjects by sex1)
Table 6.
Percentage of nutrition intake of Korean RNI of the subjects by sex
Table 7.
Nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of the subjects by sex
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