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Abstract
Purpose
The objective of the present study was to determine whether fermentation can increase the protective effects of blueberry liquid in a high-fat diet-induced obese mice model.
Methods
Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HD, 60% fat, w/w,), HD supplemented with 10 ml/kg BW/day of blueberry liquid (BHD, blueberry high-fat diet), or HD supplemented with 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid (FBHD, fermented blueberry high-fat diet) for 10 weeks.
Results
There were significant decreases in the body, epididymal adipose tissue, and liver weights of blueberry-fed groups compared to HD, whereas there were no significant differences in food intake among the groups. Furthermore, blueberry liquid groups, especially fermented blueberry liquid, significantly attenuated the contents of hepatic triglycerides and total cholesterol induced by HD. Serum LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in the BHD and FBHD-fed groups, whereas FBHD significantly increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level compared to the control. Concentrations of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and leptins in serum were also reduced by blueberry liquid supplementation. The mRNA expression of hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase was significantly reduced in both the BHD and FBHD groups compared to HD. Furthermore, FBHD altered the mRNA expression level of hepatic lipolysis genes.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
Serum chemistry of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks (a) lipid content, (b) aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), (c) leptin and adiponectin levels. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of 7 mice per group. Values with different superscripts are significantly different by ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). HD, hight-fat diet; BHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of non-fermented blueberry liquid; FBHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid
Fig. 2
Hepatic gene expressions in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks (a) lipogenic gene expression, (b) lipolysis-associated gene expression. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of 7 mice per group. Values with different superscripts are significantly different by ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). HD, hight-fat diet; BHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of non-fermented blueberry liquid; FBHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid. PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-gamma; C/EBPα, CCAAT-enhancer- binding protein-alpha; SREBP-1c, Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c; FAS, fatty acid synthase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxlyase; ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase; HSL, hormone sensitive lipase; CPT1α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1-alpha; ACOX, acyl-CoA oxidase; PPARα peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-alpha
Table 2
Primer sequences for quantitative real-time PCR
ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxlyase; ACOX, acyl-coA oxidase; ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase; C/EBPα, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein-alpha; CPT-1α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1-alpha; FAS, fatty acid synthase; HSL, hormone sensitive lipase; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-gamma; PPAR-α, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-alpha; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c
Table 3
Body weight and food intake of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks
1) HD, hight-fat diet control containing 60 kcal% fat; BHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of non-fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration; FBHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration 2) Mean ± SD of 7 mice per group 3) Values with different superscripts are significantly different by ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). 4) Food efficiency ratio (%) = [Total weight gain / Total food intake] × 100
Table 4
Tissue weights and liver lipid levels of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks
1) HD, hight-fat diet control containing 60 kcal% fat; BHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of non-fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration; FBHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration 2) Triglyceride 3) Total cholesterol 4) Values with different superscripts are significantly different by ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05).
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