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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine trends in dietary vitamin E intakes and contributing food groups among Korean adults.
Methods
This study included 66,695 subjects aged ≥ 19 years who completed a nutrition survey as part of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998, 2001, 2005, 2007~2009, 2010~2012, 2013~2015). We estimated individual daily intakes of α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherol, and total vitamin E by linking food consumption data with a vitamin E database of commonly consumed foods.
Results
Daily vitamin E intake significantly increased from 6.4 mg α-TE/d in 1998 to 7.7 mg α-TE/d in 2013~2015 (p for trend < 0.0001) among men as well as from 5.4 mg α-TE/d in 1998 to 6.5 mg α-TE/d in 2013~2015 among women (p for trend < 0.0001). However, the intake of vitamin E was lower than the adequate intake (AI) of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015 (2015 KDRI). In 2013~2015, men consumed 6.5 mg/d of α-tocopherol, 0.5 mg/d of β-tocopherol, 6.0 mg/d of γ-tocopherol, and 3.9 mg/d of δ-tocopherol, whereas women consumed 5.7 mg/d of α-tocopherol, 0.4 mg/d of β-tocopherol, 4.8 mg/d of γ-tocopherol, and 2.8 mg/d of δ-tocopherol. The major food groups contributing to vitamin E intake were vegetables (men: 23.3%, women: 22.7%), grains (men: 14.5%, women: 13.9%), and eggs (men: 13.0%, women: 12.5%).
Figures and Tables
Table 1
Dietary intakes of vitamin E among Korean adults
1) Values are mean ± SE. 2) Age-standardized mean ± SE were calculated using the age- and sex-specific structures of the estimated population in the 2005 Korea Census. 3) Duncan's test was performed for post hoc analysis. 4) The numbers of missing values were respectively 1,093 (men, education level), 35 (men, household income), 1,130 (women, education level), and 56 (women, household income).
Table 2
Trends of vitamin E intakes among Korean adults
1) Values are mean ± SE. 2) Age-standardized mean ± SE were calculated using the age- and sex-specific structures of the estimated population in the 2005 Korea Census. 3) p for trend values were calculated using linear regression. 4) Duncan's test was performed for post hoc analysis. 5) The numbers of missing values were respectively 4 (II, men, education level), 183 (II, men, household income), 4 (II, women, education level), 222 (II, women, household income), 41 (III, men, education level), 31 (III, men, household income), 47 (III, women, education level), 31 (III, women, household income), 568 (IV, men, education level), 161 (IV, men, household income), 469 (IV, women, education level), 239 (IV, women, household income), 773 (V, men, education level), 91 (V, men, household income), 767 (V, women, education level), 143 (V, women, household income), 1,093 (VI, men, education level), 35 (VI, men, household income), 1,130 (VI, women, education level), and 56 (VI, women, household income).
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