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Kim, Park, and Chang: Consumption behaviors of sugar-sweetened beverages and blood lipid profiles according to food-related lifestyles of adults in Incheon
Research Article

J Nutr Health 2017;50(4):325-335.

Published online: 20 January 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.4.325

Consumption behaviors of sugar-sweetened beverages and blood lipid profiles according to food-related lifestyles of adults in Incheon

Song Hee Kim, So Hyun Park, Kyung Ja Chang†

Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea

†To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-32-860-8126, E-mail: kjchang@inha.ac.kr

Received 10 May 2017       Revised 9 June 2017       Accepted 11 August 2017

Copyright © 2017 The Korean Nutrition Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the consumption behaviors of sugar-sweetened beverages and blood lipid profiles according to food-related lifestyles of adults in Incheon. Methods: Subjects were recruited from 19 to 64 year old adults residing in Incheon who visited for the purpose of a health examination at D hospital. A total of 110 subjects consented to participate in this study and to allow their health examination records to be used at D hospital. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and anthropometric data, and blood lipid profiles were collected from health examination records. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: In the factor analysis, food-related lifestyles were categorized into four factors: planned purchase seeking, taste seeking, well-being seeking, and convenience seeking. Using the K-average clustering method, food-related lifestyles of subjects were categorized into two groups: health and rationality-oriented group (HRG) and convenience purchase-oriented group (CPG). Average total scores of sugar-related nutrition knowledge in the HRG were significantly higher compared to the CPG, and average scores of consumption habits regarding sugar-containing foods in the HRG were significantly lower compared to the HRG. When subjects chose sugar-sweetened beverages, the CPG showed a significantly higher frequency of checking food labeling and considering nutrition compared to the CPG. Drinking frequency of carbonated beverages in the CPG was significantly higher compared to the HRG. Conclusion: There were significant differences in sugar-related nutrition knowledge and consumption habits of sugar-sweetened beverages between the two food-related lifestyle groups. These results could be useful for establishing guidelines for reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. In addition, it is necessary to continue sugar-related nutrition education by considering the food-related lifestyles of adults.

Keywords: food-related lifestyle, sugar-sweetened beverage, sugar-related nutrition knowledge, consumption behaviors, blood lipid profiles

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Fig. 1.
Selection attributes for sugar-sweetened beverages of cluster types according to food-related lifestyles. ∗∗p < 0.01 by Student t-test.
jnh-50-325f1.tif
Table 1.
Factor and reliability analysis of subjects' food-related lifestyles
Factor Variables Factor Eigen Variance Cronbach's
loading value α
  I check food additives when buying foods. 0.846      
Planned I check the ingredients of foods when buying foods. 0.818      
purchase I make a list before food shopping. 0.683 2.950 18.435 0.826
seeking I buy foods after comparing stores or products. 0.663      
  I do not buy brands that are not familiar to me. 0.584      
  I make an effort to eat the food that has ever been heard around. 0.841      
Taste seeking I tend to buy new foods looking delicious. 0.827 2.842 17.763 0.849
I like to try eating new foods. 0.823
  I tend to accept trend of foods easily. 0.819      
Well-being seeking I am interested in organic foods or well-being foods. 0.866      
I frequently use health food, natural food, and organic food. 0.808 2.454 15.337 0.802
I tend to consider rather nutrition and health than taste when eating foods. 0.682      
  I tend to eat instant foods frequently. 0.748      
Convenience I like to prepare meals and to eat within a short time. 0.739 2.321 14.505 0.747
seeking When I am busy, I eat bread or milk. 0.732
  I frequently buy cooked foods at department stores, supermarkets, etc. 0.706      

KMO = 0.784, Total cumulative = 66.038, χ

2 = 764.604, df = 120, p = 0.000

Table 2.
Result of cluster analysis according to food-related lifestyles
Variables Health and rationality-oriented Convenience purchase- t-value
group (n = 48) oriented group (n = 59)
Planned purchase seeking 3.5 ± 0.61) 2.3 ± 0.5 10.633∗∗∗
Taste seeking 3.1 ± 0.9 3.4 ± 0.7 –1.954
Well-being seeking 3.5 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.7 7.127∗∗∗
Convenience seeking 2.6 ± 0.7 3.3 ± 0.7 –5.101∗∗∗

1) Mean ± SD

∗∗∗ p < 0.001

Table 3.
General characteristics and anthropometric data of cluster types according to food-related lifestyles
Variables Health and rationality-oriented group (n = 48) Convenience purchase-oriented group (n = 59) χ2 or t value
Average age (year) 40.4 ± 9.71) 37.8 ± 11.1 1.265
Gender      
Male Female 14 (29.2)2) 34 (70.8) 23 (39.0) 36 (61.0) 1.127
Obesity assessment      
BMI      
Normal 3 (6.5) 5 (8.9)  
Overweight 20 (43.5) 32 (57.1) 2.696
Obesity 23 (50.0) 19 (33.9)  
Waist circumference      
Normal Obesity 30 (65.2) 16 (34.8) 35 (62.5) 21 (37.5) 0.081
Marital status      
Single Married 20 (41.7) 28 (58.3) 27 (45.8) 32 (54.2) 0.180
Education level      
Less than middle school 1 (2.1) 3 (5.1)  
High school University 20 (41.7) 23 (47.9) 18 (30.5) 34 (57.6) 5.152
Graduate school 4 (8.3) 4 (6.8)  
Occupation      
Professionals 21 (43.8) 28 (47.5)  
Company employee 11 (22.9) 16 (27.1)  
Self-employed Laborer 2 (4.2) 3 (6.2) 4 (6.8) 5 (8.5) 4.116
Housewife 5 (10.4) 4 (6.8)  
Etc. 6 (12.5) 2 (3.4)  
Monthly income (10,000 won)      
< 150 11 (22.9) 10 (16.9)  
150 ≤ ∼ < 300 24 (50.0) 39 (66.1)  
300 ≤ ∼ < 450 5 (10.4) 5 (8.5) 3.525
450 ≤ ∼ < 600 2 (4.2) 2 (3.4)  
≥ 600 6 (12.5) 3 (5.1)  

1) Mean ± SD 2) n (%)

Table 4.
Blood lipid levels of cluster types according to food-related lifestyles
Variables (mg/dL) Health and rationality-oriented group (n = 53) Convenience purchase-oriented group (n = 44) t value
Serum total cholesterol 186.0 ± 5.31) 187.4 ± 4.6 –0.200
Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol 101.2 ± 5.1 102.5 ± 4.1 –0.196
Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol 62.4 ± 2.1 61.6 ± 1.8 0.287
Serum triglyceride 119.0 ± 12.6 122.8 ± 12.6 –0.209

1) Mean ± SE

Table 5.
Nutrition knowledge of cluster types according to food-related lifestyles
Variables Health and rationality-oriented group (n = 48) Convenience purchase-oriented group (n = 59) χ2 or t value
Sugar provides energy of 9 kcal per gram. 9 (18.8)1) 11 (18.6) 0.000
If you eat too much of sugar, the surplus is laid down as fat. 38 (79.2) 39 (66.1) 2.239
WHO recommends a sugar intake should be 10% of your total calories. 17 (35.4) 18 (30.5) 0.290
The brain uses only glucose as a source of energy. 20 (41.7) 15 (25.4) 3.173
Sugars in natural foods are faster in digestion and absorption than sugars in processed foods. 16 (33.3) 21 (35.6) 0.060
Processed food should make an indication of their sugar content in nutrition labeling system compulsory. 36 (75.0) 40 (67.8) 0.667
Natural foods as fruits, honey, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, and etc. contain sugar. 45 (93.8) 49 (83.1) 2.839
Unsweetened juice contains no sugar. 39 (81.2) 33 (55.9) 7.708∗
People with diabetes should never consume sugar. 37 (77.1) 40 (67.8) 1.131
Excessive intake of sugars can lead to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. 43 (89.6) 45 (76.3) 3.212
Average scores 6.3 ± 1.92) 5.3 ± 2.3 2.390∗

1) n (%) 2) M ± SD

∗ p < 0.05 by student t-test,

∗∗ p < 0.01 by chi-square test

Table 6.
Consumption habits regarding sugar-containing food of cluster types according to food-related lifestyles
Variables Health and rationality-oriented group (n = 48) Convenience purchase-oriented group (n = 59) t value
I like sweet food. 2.7 ± 1.01) 3.4 ± 0.9 –3.558∗∗
I usually eat sweet. 2.3 ± 0.8 3.0 ± 0.9 –4.303∗∗∗
When I buy food, I check the nutrition labeling on the wrapping paper and buy it. 2.8 ± 0.9 3.8 ± 0.7 –6.159∗∗∗
I often eat chocolate, candy, caramel, and jelly. 2.3 ± 0.9 2.8 ± 1.0 –2.568∗
When I eat bread, I eat to put jam, cream cheese, etc. 2.6 ± 1.0 3.2 ± 1.0 –2.976∗∗
I often eat processed milk such as chocolate milk rather than white milk. 2.2 ± 0.8 2.8 ± 1.1 –2.756∗∗
I drink beverages more often than water. 2.2 ± 0.8 2.8 ± 1.1 –3.099∗∗
I drink fruit juice more often than fruit. 2.5 ± 0.9 2.7 ± 0.9 –1.377
Average total scores 19.7 ± 4.5 24.4 ± 4.7 –5.284∗∗∗
1) M ± SD      

∗ p < 0.05,

∗∗ p < 0.01,

∗∗∗ p < 0.001 by student t-test

Table 7.
Consumption behaviors of sugar-sweetened beverages of cluster types according to food-related lifestyles
Variables Health and rationality-oriented group (n = 48) Convenience purchase-oriented group (n = 59) χ2 or t value
Place of usual purchase      
Convenience store 13 (27.1)1) 21 (35.6)  
Large retailer 24 (50.0) 16 (27.1)  
Fast food store 1 (2.1) 4 (6.8) 6.698
Bakery and coffee shop 8 (16.7) 13 (22.0)  
Others 2 (4.2) 5 (8.5)  
Place of usual drinking      
Home 5 (10.4) 11 (18.6)  
Workplace 20 (41.7) 29 (49.2)  
Fast food store Bakery and coffee shop 6 (12.5) 10 (20.8) 6 (10.2) 3 (5.1) 8.103
On the move 5 (10.4) 9 (15.3)  
Others 2 (4.2) 1 (1.7)  
Time of usual drinking      
Instead of water 2 (4.2) 7 (11.9)  
After exercise 3 (6.2) 2 (3.4)  
Snack time Frequently 17 (35.4) 3 (6.2) 21 (35.6) 13 (22.0) 11.248∗
Eating out 13 (27.1) 12 (20.3)  
Others 10 (20.8) 4 (6.8)  
A person who drinks together      
Family 9 (18.8) 8 (13.6)  
Friends 13 (7.1) 11 (18.6)  
Work colleagues 14 (29.2) 20 (33.9) 7.404
Alone 9 (18.8) 20 (33.9)  
Others 3 (6.2) 0 (0.0)  
Check food labeling 2.7 ± 0.92) 2.0 ± 0.7 4.743∗∗∗
1) n (%) 2) M ± SD      

∗ p < 0.05 by chi-square test,

∗∗∗ p < 0.001 by student t-test

Table 8.
Frequency of sugar-sweetened beverages intake of cluster types according to food-related lifestyles
Variables Health and rationality-oriented group (n = 48) Convenience purchase-oriented group (n = 59) χ2 value
Carbonated drinks      
1 time and over per day 3 (6.2)1) 7 (11.9)  
4 ∼ 6 times per week 1 (2.1) 6 (10.2) 7.902∗
1 ∼ 3 times per week 17 (35.4) 27 (45.8)
Nearly do not drink 27 (56.2) 19 (32.2)  
Milk and dairy products drinks      
1 time and over per day 5 (10.4) 6 (10.2)  
4 ∼ 6 times per week 4 (8.3) 4 (6.8) 2.462
1 ∼ 3 times per week 27 (56.2) 26 (44.1)
Nearly do not drink 12 (25.0) 23 (39.0)  
Fruit/vegetable juice      
1 time and over per day 5 (10.4) 1 (1.7)  
4 ∼ 6 times per week 3 (6.2) 4 (6.8) 6.179
1 ∼ 3 times per week 18 (37.5) 33 (55.9)
Nearly do not drink 22 (45.8) 21 (35.6)  
Fermented beverage      
1 time and over per day 5 (10.4) 4 (6.8)  
4 ∼ 6 times per week 3 (6.2) 5 (8.5) 0.923
1 ∼ 3 times per week 16 (33.3) 23 (39.0)
Nearly do not drink 24 (50.0) 27 (45.8)  
Americano coffee      
1 time and over per day 20 (41.7) 18 (30.5)  
4 ∼ 6 times per week 3 (6.2) 7 (11.9) 9.216∗
1 ∼ 3 times per week 17 (35.4) 11 (18.6)
Nearly do not drink 8 (16.7) 23 (39.0)  
Mixed coffee      
1 time and over per day 9 (18.8) 19 (32.2)  
4 ∼ 6 times per week 4 (8.3) 6 (10.2) 3.602
1 ∼ 3 times per week 11 (22.9) 14 (23.7)
Nearly do not drink 24 (50.0) 20 (33.9)  
Traditional drinks      
1 time and over per day 0 (0.0) 1 (1.7)  
4 ∼ 6 times per week 3 (6.2) 7 (11.9) 2.159
1 ∼ 3 times per week 7 (14.6) 6 (10.2)
Nearly do not drink 38 (79.2) 45 (76.3)  

1) n (%)

∗ p < 0.05 by chi-square test

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