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Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the association of total dietary antioxidant capacity (TAC) with oxidative stress and metabolic markers among patients with metabolic syndrome according to gender. Methods: A total of 346 subjects aged 30∼59 years with two or more risk factors of metabolic syndrome were recruited from a general hospital near Seoul in South Korea between 2010 and 2012 based on data from the medical checkup. Biochemical indices for oxidative stress and metabolic markers were measured. Food consumption data from 3-day food records were linked with the antioxidant capacity database for commonly consumed Korean foods to estimate individual's TAC. Results: Average dietary TAC of the study subjects was 132.0 mg VCE/d/1,000 kcal in men and 196.4 mg VCE/d/1,000 kcal in women. Levels of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and blood triglycerides were reduced significantly according to increasing TAC in men, but there was no significant trend in women. Intakes of total flavonoids and carotenoids were significantly negatively correlated with GGT (p < 0.05) and d-ROMs (p < 0.01) in men, whereas those of α-tocopherol (p < 0.05) and γ-tocopherol (p < 0.05) were positively correlated with biological antioxidant potential (BAP) in women. The odds ratio of high oxidative stress indices and abnormal metabolic markers according to TAC level were not significant in either men or women. Conclusion: The results show that dietary TAC was partially associated with oxidative stress and metabolic markers among patients with metabolic syndrome. Further research is required for elucidating the association between dietary TAC and incidence of metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases within a large population in prospective studies.
References
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Table 1.
General characteristics of the study subjects
1) Data are presented in number (%). The numbers of missing values were respectively 1, 2, and 2 for monthly income, alcohol consumption, and smoking status.
2) Regular: drinking at least once a month in average, heavy: drinking more than 7 glasses (men) or 5 glasses (women) at least twice a week
3) Active: person who performed vigorous-intensity activities for more than 20 minutes once at least 3 days a week or intermediate-intensity activities for more than 30 minutes once at least 5 days a week, inactive: person who is not active
4) Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) Abdominal obesity: waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 85 cm for women, hypertension: systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg, hyperglycemia: fasting blood sugar ≥ 100 mg/dL, hypertriglyceridemia: blood triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL, low HDL-cholesterol: blood HDL-cholesterol ≤ 40 mg/dL for men and ≤ 50 mg/dL for women
Table 2.
Oxidative stress and metabolic markers by tertiles of total dietary antioxidant capacity density among the study subjects
1) TAC, total antioxidant capacity density; d-ROMs, diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites test; BAP, biological antioxidant potential test; CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 2) p for trend by generalized linear model adjusted for age, education, monthly income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and physical activity 3) Data are presented in means ± SD.
Table 3.
Spearman correlation coefficient between antioxidant intake density and oxidative stress indices of the study subjects
Table 4.
Odds ratio of high oxidative stress indices and abnormal metabolic markers by tertiles of total dietary antioxidant capacity density among the study subjects
1) Adjusted for age, education, monthly income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and physical activity 2) p for trend by logistic regression 3) d-ROMs ≥ 300 CARR U, BAP ≤ 2,200 μmol/L, CRP ≥ 5 mg/L, GGT ≥ 63 IU/L for men and ≥ 35 IU/L for women, abdominal obesity: waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 85 cm for women, hypertension: systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg, hyperglycemia: fasting blood sugar ≥ 100 mg/dL, hypertriglyceridemia: blood triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL, low HDL-cholesterol: blood HDL-cholesterol ≤ 40 mg/dL for men and ≤ 50 mg/dL for women
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