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Abstract
Purpose
Skin pH, an indicator of skin health, is maintained by various organic factors, which include lactate, free amino acid (FAA), and free fatty acid (FFA). As skin ages or with illness, skin pH becomes less acidic, and functional food has been developed to maintain the acidic pH of skin. In this study, we determined the dietary effect of green tea extract (GTE) on skin pH of photo-aged mice, as measured by epidermal levels of lactate, FAA, and FFA. The protein expression and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an enzyme of pyruvate reduction for lactate generation, was further determined.
Methods
Albino hairless mice were fed a control diet (group UV+) or a diet with 1% GTE (group GTE) in parallel with UV irradiation for 10 weeks. A normal control group was fed a control diet without UV irradiation for 10 weeks (group UV-).
Results
Skin pH was higher (less acidic) in group UV+ than in group UV-. In parallel, epidermal levels of lactate and FFA, as well as of LDH protein expression and activity, were reduced in group UV+. Dietary supplementation of GTE (group GTE) reduced skin pH to similar to the level of group UV-, and inversely increased epidermal levels of lactate, LDH protein expression and activity, but not of FFA. Although epidermal levels of FAA were similar in groups UV- and UV+, it was increased in group GTE to a level higher than in group UV-. In further analysis of major FFA, epidermal levels of palmitic acid [16:0], oleic acid [18:1(n-9)], and linoleic acid [18:2(n-6), but not of stearic acid [18:0] in group GTE were similar to or lower than those in group UV+.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
Effect of UV irradiation and dietary green tea extract on skin pH. Groups UV- and UV, hairless mice fed a control diet without (group UV-) or with UV irradiation (group UV+) for 10 weeks; Group GTE, hairless mice fed a diet containing 1.0% green tea extract (GTE) in parallel with UV irradiation for 10 weeks. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values without a common letter are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
Fig. 2
Effect of UV irradiation and dietary green tea extract on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) protein expression and activity in the epidermis of mice. Groups UV- and UV+, hairless mice fed a control diet without (group UV-) or with UV irradiation (group UV+) for 10 weeks; Group GTE, hairless mice fed a diet containing 1.0% green tea extract (GTE) in parallel with UV irradiation for 10 weeks. (A) Representative expressions of LDH and actin in the epidermis of groups. (B) Signal intensities from multiple experiments of A were quantified and the integrated areas were normalized to the corresponding value of actin (the loading control). Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5). (C) The activity of LDH was determined in the epidermis of group by LDH activity colorimetric assay kit based on NADH generation in epidermis of groups. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values without a common letter are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
Table 1
Diet composition and UV irradiation of experimental groups (g/kg)
1) Groups UV- and UV+, hairless mice fed a control diet without (group UV-) or with (group UV+) UV irradiation for 10 weeks; Group GTE, hairless mice fed a diet containing 1.0% green tea extract (GTE) in parallel with UV irradiation for 10 weeks 2) GTE: green tea extract 3) AIN-93 vitamin mix #310025 (Dyets Inc., Bethlehem, PA) 4) AIN-93G salt mix #210025 (Dyets Inc., Bethlehem, PA) 5) Casein (nitrogen × 6.25), 870 g/kg
Table 2
Effect of UV irradiation and dietary green tea extract on epidermal levels of lactate, total free amino acids and total free fatty acids
1) Groups UV- and UV+, hairless mice fed a control diet without (group UV-) or with UV irradiation (group UV+) for 10 weeks; Group GTE, hairless mice fed a diet containing 1.0% green tea extract (GTE) in parallel with UV irradiation for 10 weeks. 2) Data are mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values without a common letter are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
*p < 0.05 versus group UV+ by non-paired student's t-test
Table 3
Effect of UV irradiation and dietary green tea extract on epidermal levels of major free fatty acids
1) FFA: free fatty acid 2) Groups UV- and UV+, hairless mice fed a control diet without (group UV-) or with UV irradiation (group UV+) for 10 weeks; Group GTE, hairless mice fed a diet containing 1.0% green tea extract (GTE) in parallel with UV irradiation for 10 weeks 3) Only major free fatty acids (FFA) are listed. 4) Data are mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values without a common letter are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
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