Bone mineral density and nutritional state according to milk consumption in Korean postmenopausal women who drink coffee: Using the 2008~2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Sun-Hyoung Ryu; Yoon Suk Suh

doi:10.4163/jnh.2016.49.5.347

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Ryu and Suh: Bone mineral density and nutritional state according to milk consumption in Korean postmenopausal women who drink coffee: Using the 2008~2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2016; 49(5): 347-357.

Published online: 31 October 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.5.347

Bone mineral density and nutritional state according to milk consumption in Korean postmenopausal women who drink coffee: Using the 2008~2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Sun-Hyoung Ryu¹, Yoon Suk Suh²

¹Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.

²Graduate School of Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-42-821-8534, yssuh@cnu.ac.kr

Received 12 September 2016 Revised 18 September 2016 Accepted 28 September 2016

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study investigated bone mineral density and nutritional state according to consumption of milk in Korean postmenopausal women who drink coffee.

Methods

Using the 2008~2009 Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey data, a total of 1,373 postmenopausal females aged 50 yrs and over were analyzed after excluding those with diseases related to bone health. According to coffee and/or milk consumption, subjects were divided into four groups: coffee only, both coffee & milk, milk only, and none of the above. All data were processed after application of weighted values and adjustment of age, body mass index, physical activity, drinking, and smoking using a general linear model. For analysis of nutrient intake and bone density, data were additionally adjusted by total energy and calcium intake.

Results

The coffee & milk group had more subjects younger than 65 yrs and higher education, urban residents, and higher income than any other group. The coffee only group showed somewhat similar characteristics as the none of the above group, which showed the highest percentage of subjects older than 65 and in a lower education and socio-economic state. Body weight, height, body mass index, and lean mass were the highest in coffee & milk group and lowest in the none of the above group. On the other hand, the milk only group showed the lowest values for body mass index and waist circumference, whereas percent body fat did not show any difference among the groups. The coffee and milk group showed the highest bone mineral density in the total femur and lumbar spine as well as the highest nutritional state and most food group intakes, followed by the milk only group, coffee only group, and none of the above group. In the assessment of osteoporosis based on T-score of bone mineral density, although not significant, the coffee and milk group and milk only group, which showed a better nutritional state, included more subjects with a normal bone density, whereas the none of the above group included more subjects with osteoporosis than any other group.

Conclusion

Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women might not be affected by coffee drinking if their diets are accompanied by balanced food and nutrient intake including milk.

Keywords: postmenopausal women, bone mineral density, T-score, coffee and milk intake, nutritional state

Figures and Tables

Table 1

General and lifestyle characteristics of the subjects by consumption of coffee or milk

1) None : neither coffee nor milk 2) N (%) 3) Calculated by complex samples χ²-test

^***p < 0.001

Table 2

Comparison of bone mineral density of total femur, femoral neck and lumbar spine of the subjects by consumption of coffee or milk1)

1) Adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, drinking, smoking and calcium intake 2) None : neither coffee nor milk 3) Calculated by Complex samples general linear model ANOVA 4) Mean ± SE

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01

Table 3

Distribution of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis among the subjects assessed by T-score according to the consumption of coffee or milk1)

1) Adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, drinking, smoking and calcium intake 2) None : neither coffee nor milk 3) N (%) 4) Calculated by complex samples χ²-test

Table 4

Anthropometric and blood biochemical indices of the subjects by consumption of coffee or milk

1) None : neither coffee nor milk 2) Calculated by Complex samples general linear model ANOVA 3) Mean ± SE

^*p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.001

Table 5

Weekly consumption frequency of food group by consumption of coffee or milk of the subjects1)

1) Adjusted for age and energy intake 2) Calculated from the data of food frequency questionaire 3) None : neither coffee nor milk 4) Calculated by Complex samples general linear model ANOVA 5) Mean ± SE

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

Table 6

Daily nutrients intake, macronutrient energy ratio, nutrient adequacy ratio and mean adequacy ratio of the subjects by consumption of coffee or milk1)

1) Adjusted for age, energy, and calcium intake 2) None : neither coffee nor milk 3) Calculated by Complex samples general linear model ANOVA 4) Mean ± SE

^§, Not adjusted for energy and calcium intake

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

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