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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between food intakes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Korean women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
The data were collected from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). In this study, subjects were divided into two groups, the normal fasting glucose (NFG) group (n = 7,738) and the T2DM group (n = 225). Dietary intake was derived from the nutrition survey, which was collected by trained dietitians using 24-hour dietary recall through the face-to-face interview method in the sample person's home.
Results
After adjustment for confounding factors, mean fruit (p = 0.0265), fruit and vegetable without kimchi (p = 0.0295), and fish (p = 0.0112) intakes were significantly lower in the T2DM group than in the NFG group. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, odds ratio (OR) for risk of high systolic blood pressure (≥ 140 mmHg) was lower in the over the median compared to under the median for fruit intakes (OR; 0.657, 95% CI; 0.523~0.824). The OR for the risk of hypertriglyceridemia was lower in the over the median compared to under the median for fruit and vegetable without kimchi (OR; 0.828, 95% CI; 0.7111~0.963) and fish (OR; 0.783, 95% CI; 0.673~0.910) intakes.
Figures and Tables
Table 1
Characteristics and dietary intake for the female subjects aged 30 years and over, KNHANES 2007~20121)
Abbreviations: NFG, normal fasting glucose; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; AI, atherogenic index
1) Values are presented as mean ± SE. 2) Values are adjusted for age, body mass index, education, menopausal status. 3) Included mushrooms and seaweeds 4) Excluded kimchi
Table 2
Association between food intakes and CVD risk factors in the female subjects aged 30 years and over, KNHANES 2007~2012 (n = 7,963)
Abbreviations: NFG, normal fasting glucose; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; AI, atherogenic index
1) Included vegetables, mushrooms, seaweeds and excluded kimchi 2) Adjusted for age, body mass index, education, menopausal status
Table 3
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of CVD risk factors and food intakes in the female subjects aged 30 years and over, KNHANES 2007~2012 (n = 7,963)1)
Table 4
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of CVD risk factors and fruits and fishes (FF) intakes in the female subjects aged 30 years and over, KNHANES 2007~2012 (n = 7,963)
Abbreviations: FF, fruits and fishes; NFG, normal fasting glucose; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; AI, atherogenic index
1) MedianA: Fruits's median = 104.5 g, medianB: Fishes's median = 18.2 g
2) Values are adjusted for age, body mass index, education, menoposal status.
Table 5
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of CVD risk factors and fruits and fishes and vegetables without kimchi (FFV) intakes in the female subjects aged 30 years and over, KNHANES 2007~2012 (n = 7,963)
Abbreviations: FFV, fruits and fishes, vegetables without kimchi (included mushrooms and seaweeds); NFG, normal fasting glucose; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; AI, atherogenic index
1) MedianA: Fruits and vegetables without kimchi's median = 317.5 g (included mushrooms and seaweeds), medianB: Fishes's median = 18.2 g 2) Values are adjusted for age, body mass index, education, menoposal status.
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