Sex- and age group-specific associations between intakes of dairy foods and pulses and bone health in Koreans aged 50 years and older: Based on 2008~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Hyun-Bi Seo; Young-Sun Choi

doi:10.4163/jnh.2016.49.3.165

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Seo and Choi: Sex- and age group-specific associations between intakes of dairy foods and pulses and bone health in Koreans aged 50 years and older: Based on 2008~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2016; 49(3): 165-178.

Published online: 30 June 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.3.165

Sex- and age group-specific associations between intakes of dairy foods and pulses and bone health in Koreans aged 50 years and older: Based on 2008~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Hyun-Bi Seo, Young-Sun Choi

Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk 38453, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-53-850-6833 yschoi@daegu.ac.kr

Received 16 March 2016 Revised 16 May 2016 Accepted 19 May 2016

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was performed to examine associations of intakes of milk and dairy products, pulses, and soy foods with bone health in Koreans aged 50 yr and older.

Methods

A total of 3,201 men and 3,581 women aged 50 yr and older who participated in the 2008~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were grouped by sex and age groups of 50~64 yr and 65 yr and older. Subjects within each sex and age group were divided into three bone health groups: normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups based on bone mineral density. Intakes of nutrients and foods derived from 24-hour recall data were compared among three bone health groups. Associations between intake frequencies of foods, including milk, yogurt, tofu, or soy milk, and osteoporosis risk were evaluated based on confounding risk factor-adjusted logistic regression.

Results

Calcium intake was in the order of normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis in men (p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05) aged 50~64 yr as well as in men aged 65 yr and older (p < 0.001). In women aged 50~64 yr, intake of milk and dairy products was lower in the osteoporosis group (p < 0.01) as compared with the osteopenia group. Intake of pulses or tofu was not significantly different among bone health groups. Odds ratio (OR) for milk intake frequency (≥ 2 times/week) compared to intake frequency less than 1 time/month was 0.45 (95% CI 0.24~0.85, p for trend = 0.022) in men aged 65 yr and older. The OR for yogurt intake frequency (1 time/month~1 time/week) was 0.47 (95% CI 0.30~0.73, p for trend = 0.019) in women aged 50~64 yr. Intake frequency of tofu or soy milk was not associated with reduced risk of osteoporosis in all groups.

Conclusion

Dairy food intake was significantly associated with bone health, and its effect was sex- and age group-specific, whereas soy food intake was not. Dietary intervention to prevent osteoporosis would be effective for women aged 50~64 yr old and for men aged 65 yr and older.

Keywords: dairy, milk, soy foods, bone health, osteoporosis

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Age and anthropometric measurements of subjects depending on bone health status

1) Mean ± SE by GLM analysis, values with different superscript characters are significantly different among the three groups at p < 0.05 by Bonferroni's test.

^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

Table 2

Nutrient intakes of subjects depending on bone health status

1) Mean ± SE by GLM analysis, values with different superscript characters are significantly different among the three groups at p < 0.05 by Bonferroni's test.

NS: Not significant

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

Table 3

Intakes of milk and dairy products and pulses of subjects depending on bone health status (g/day)

1) Mean ± SE by GLM analysis, values with different superscript characters are significantly different among the three groups at p < 0.05 by Bonferroni's test. 2) Adjusted for age and energy intake

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

Table 4

Correlation coefficients between calcium intake and dairy foods and pulses intake

1) Adjusted for age and energy intake

^***p < 0.0001

Table 5

Odds ratios (ORs) for osteoporosis of subjects depending on quartile level of calcium intake

1) Calcium intake quartile distribution level: 50 ~ 64 male (mg) Ca ≤ 354.4, 354.4 < Ca ≤ 513.0, 513.0 < Ca ≤ 717.5, 717.5 < Ca 50 ~ 64 female (mg) Ca ≤ 245.1, 245.1 < Ca ≤ 381.6, 381.6 < Ca ≤ 574.1, 574.1 < Ca ≥ 65 male (mg) Ca ≤ 248.1, 248.1 < Ca ≤ 387.6, 387.6 < Ca ≤ 591.6, 591.6 < Ca ≥ 65 female (mg) Ca ≤ 174.8, 174.8 < Ca ≤ 285.5, 285.5 < Ca ≤ 446.2, 446.2 < Ca 2) Adjusted for age, BMI and energy intake 3) Adjusted for age, BMI, energy intake, physical activity, smoking status and current drinking status

Table 6

Odds ratios (ORs) for osteoporosis of subjects depending on milk intake frequency

1) Adjusted for age and BMI 2) Adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status and current drinking status 3) Number of cases/number of subjects

Table 7

Odds ratios (ORs) for osteoporosis of subjects depending on yogurt intake frequency

1) Adjusted for age and BMI 2) Adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, and current drinking status 3) Number of cases/number of subjects

Table 8

Odds ratios (OR) for osteoporosis of subjects depending on tofu intake frequency

1) Adjusted for age and BMI 2) Adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, and current drinking status 3) Number of cases/number of subjects

Table 9

Odds ratios (ORs) for osteoporosis of subjects depending on soy milk intake frequency

1) Adjusted for age and BMI 2) Adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, and current drinking status 3) Number of cases/number of subjects

Table 10

Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in subjects depending on bone health status

1) Mean ± SE by GLM analysis, values with different superscript characters are significantly different among the three groups at p < 0.05 by Bonferroni's test. 2) Adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status and current drinking status 3) Adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, current drinking status and energy intake

^*p < 0.05

Notes

This research was supported by the Daegu University Research Grant, 2013.

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