Eun Young Seo; Myung Hwan Kim; Woo-Kyoung Kim; Moon-Jeong Chang

doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.6.459

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Seo, Kim, Kim, and Chang: Comparing the anti-inflammatory effect of nanoencapsulated lycopene and lycopene on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line∗

Research Article

J Nutr Health 2015;48(6):459-467.

Published online: 19 January 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.6.459

Comparing the anti-inflammatory effect of nanoencapsulated lycopene and lycopene on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line^∗

Eun Young Seo¹, Myung Hwan Kim², Woo-Kyoung Kim³, Moon-Jeong Chang^4,^†

¹Department of Food Service Industry, Jangan University, Hwaseong 18331, Korea

²Department of Food Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea

³Department of Food & Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea

⁴Department of Food & Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea

^†To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-2-910-4776, e-mail: cmoon@kookmin.ac.kr

^∗ This research was supported by 2014 Ottogi foundation research program.

^∗∗ These two authors contributed to this work equally.

Received 25 November 2015 Revised 7 December 2015 Accepted 14 December 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

We developed a method to load lycopene into maltodextrin and cyclodextrin in an attempt to overcome the poor bioavailability and improve the anti-inflammatory effect of this polyphenol.

Methods:

Nanosized lycopenes were encapsulated into biodegradable amphiphillic cyclodextrin and maltodextrin molecules prepared using a high pressure homogenizer at 15,000~25,000 psi. Cell damage was induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. The cells were subjected to various doses of free lycopene (FL) and nanoencapsulated lycopene (NEL). RT-PCR was used to quantify the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA levels, while ELISA was used to determine the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

Results:

NEL significantly reduced the mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1β at the highest dose, while not in cells treated with FL. In addition, NEL treatment caused a significant reduction in IL-6 and TNF-α protein levels, compared to cells treated with a similar dose of FL. In addition, mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 enzyme in the activated macrophages was more efficiently suppressed by NEL than by FL.

Conclusion:

Overall, our results suggest that lycopene is a potential inflammation reducing agent and nanoencapsulation of lycopene can further improve its anti-inflammatory effect during tissue-damaging inflammatory conditions.

Keywords: lycopene, nanoencapsulated lycopene, anti-inflammation, RAW 264.7 cells

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Fig. 1.

Effect of FL or NFL on cell proliferation in Raw264.7 cells. FL: free lycopene, NEL: nanoencapsulated lycopene. Values not sharing the same purperscript letter are statistically different by Duncan's multiple range test in the same type of lycopene treatment (p < 0.05).

Fig. 2.

Effect of FL or NFL on IL-6 mRNA experssion and amount in Raw264.7 cells. FL: free lycopene, NEL: nanoencapsulated lycopene. Values not sharing the same purperscript letter are statistically different by Duncan's multiple range test in the same type of lycopene treatment (p < 0.05).

Fig. 3.

Effect of FL or NFL on IL-1β mRNA experssion and amount in Raw264.7 cells. FL: free lycopene, NEL: nanoencapsulated lycopene. Values not sharing the same purperscript letter are statistically different by Duncan's multiple range test in the same type of lycopene treatment (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4.

Effect of FL or NFL on TNF-α mRNA experssion and amount in Raw264.7 cells. FL: free lycopene, NEL: nanoencapsulated lycopene. Values not sharing the same purperscript letter are statistically different by Duncan's multiple range test in the same type of lycopene treatment (p < 0.05).

Fig. 5.

Effect of FL or NFL on iNOS and COX-2 mRNA experssion and amount in Raw264.7 cells. FL: free lycopene, NEL: nanoencapsulated lycopene. Values not sharing the same purperscript letter are statistically different by Duncan's multiple range test in the same type of lycopene treatment (p < 0.05).

Table 1.

Primer sequences used for Real time PCR

Protein	Primer	Sequence
β-actin	Forward	5'-GTT TGA GAC CTT CAA CAC CCC-3'
β-actin	Reverse	5'-GTG GCC ATC TCC TGC TCG AAG TC-3'
IL-1β	Forward	5'-TTG ACG GAC CCC AAA AGA T-3'
IL-1β	Reverse	5'-GAA GCT GGA TGC TCT CAT CTG-3'
IL-6	Forward	5'-TTC ATT CTC TTT GCT CTT GAA TTA GA-3'
IL-6	Reverse	5'-GTC TGA CCT TTA GCT TCA AAT CCT-3'
TNF-α	Forward	5'-TCT CTT CAA GGG ACA AGG CTG-3'
TNF-α	Reverse	5'- ATA GCA AAT CGG CTG ACG GT-3'
iNOS	Forward	5'-GAC CAG ATA AGG CAA GCA C-3'
iNOS	Reverse	5'-CTT GTC TTT GAC CCA GTA GC-3'
COX-2	Forward	5'-ATG CTC CTG CTT GAG TAT GT-3'
COX-2	Reverse	5'-CAC TAC ATC CTG ACC CAC TT-3'

T: Thymine, A: Adenin, C: Cytosine, G: Guanin

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