Hyejin Ahn; Soo Yeo Yoo; Yoo-Kyoung Park

doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.381

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Ahn, Yoo, and Park: High fructose and high fat diet increased bone volume of trabecular and cortical bone in growing female rats∗

Research Article

J Nutr Health 2015;48(5):381-389.

Published online: 19 January 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.381

High fructose and high fat diet increased bone volume of trabecular and cortical bone in growing female rats^∗

Hyejin Ahn¹, Soo Yeo Yoo¹, Yoo-Kyoung Park^1,^2,^†,^†

¹Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea

²Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea

^†To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-31-201-3816, e-mail: ypark@khu.ac.kr

^∗ This work was carried out with the support of "Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (project No. 00982602)" Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Received 10 September 2015 Revised 24 September 2015 Accepted 1 October 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a high fructose and fat diet on bone growth and maturation in growing female rats.

Methods:

Three-week-old female SD rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups; the control group (CON: fed control diet based on AIN-93G, n = 8); the high-fructose diet group (HFrc: fed control diet with 30% fructose, n = 8); the high-fat diet group (Hfat: fed control diet with 45 kcal% fat, n = 8); and the high-fat diet plus high fructose group (HFrc + HFat: fed diets 45 kcal% fat with 30% fructose, n = 8). Each group was assigned their respective diets for the remaining eight weeks. Bone-related parameters (bone mineral density (BMD) and structural parameters, osteocalcin (OC), deoxypyridinoline (DPD)) and morphologic changes of kidney were analyzed at the end of the experiment.

Results:

Final body weights and weight gain were higher in the HFat and HFrc + HFat groups and showed higher tendency in the HFrc group compared with those of the CON group (p < 0.05); however, no significant difference in caloric intake was observed among the four experimental groups. The serum OC levels of the HFrc and HFrc + HFat groups were lower than those of the CON and HFat groups (p < 0.05). Urinary levels of DPD did not differ among the experimental groups. BV/TV and Tb.N of trabecular bone were higher in the HFrc + HFat group and showed a higher tendency in the HFrc group than those of the CON and HFat groups (p < 0.05). Tb.Pf of trabecular bone were lower in the HFrc + HFat group than those in the CON and HFat groups (p < 0.05). However, no difference in trabecular BMD was observed among the experimental groups. Cortical bone volume was higher in the HFat and HFrc + HFat groups than in the CON and HFrc groups (p < 0.05). No morphology change in kidney was observed among the experimental groups.

Conclusion:

Our study suggests that 8 weeks of high-fructose and high fat intake could improve the bone quality (Structural parameters) of trabecular and cortical bone of tibia in growing female rats.

Keywords: high-fructose diet, high-fat diet, kidney function, bone growth, growing rats

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Fig. 1.

Changes of body weight of experimental groups during 8 weeks. CON: rats received control-diet based on AIN-93G (4.0 kcal/g diet), HFrc: rats received 30% fructose-diet based on control-diet (4.0 kcal/g diet), HFat: rats received 45 kcal% fat-diet (4.8 kcal/g diet), HFrc + HFat: rats received 45 kcal% fat-diet with 30% fructose (4.8 kcal/g diet)

Fig. 2.

Photomicrograph of glomerulus in the experimental groups taken at 8 weeks, pertaining to the respective groups (A: CON, B: HFrc, C: HFat, D: HFrc + HFat). All experimental groups showed normal glomeruli and tubules. H&E stained glomeruli ×400. Magnification bars 40 µm. CON: rats received control-diet based on AIN-93G (4.0 kcal/g diet), HFrc: rats received 30% fructose-diet based on control-diet (4.0 kcal/g diet), HFat: rats received45 kcal% fat-diet (4.8 kcal/g diet), HFrc + HFat: rats received 45 kcal% fat-diet with 30% fructose (4.8 kcal/g diet)

Fig. 3.

Representative 3D images of trabecular bone (right tibia)taken at 8 weeks, pertaining to the respective groups (A: CON, B: HFrc, C: HFat, D: HFrc + HFat), obtained with in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Changes in structural parameters (BV/TV, BS/ BV, Tb.Th, Tb.Sp, Tb.N, Tb.Pf, SMI and BMD) of trabecular bone over eight weeks were quantified and shown in Table 3. CON: rats received control-diet based on AIN-93G (4.0 kcal/g diet), HFrc: rats received 30% fructose-diet based on control-diet (4.0 kcal/g diet), HFat: rats received45 kcal% fat-diet (4.8 kcal/g diet), HFrc + HFat: rats received 45 kcal% fat-diet with 30% fructose (4.8 kcal/g diet)

Table 1.

Ingredient composition of experimental diets

	CON¹⁾		HFrc²⁾		HFat³⁾		HFrc + HFat⁴⁾
%	gm	Kcal	gm	Kcal	gm	Kcal	gm	Kcal
Protein	20	20	20	20	24	20	24	20
Carbohydrate	64	64	64	64	41	35	41	35
Fat	7	16	7	16	24	45	24	45
Total		100		100		100		100
Kcal/gm	4.0		4.0		4.8		4.8
Ingredient	gm	Kcal	gm	Kcal	gm	Kcal	gm	Kcal
Casein, 80 Mesh	200	800	200	800	200	800	200	800
L-Cystine	3	12	3	12	3	12	3	12
Corn Starch	397.5 1	1,590	229.5	918	137	548	0	0
Maltodextrin 10	132	528	100	400	100	400	37	148
Sucrose	100	400	0	0	100	400	0	0
Fructose	0	0	300	1200	0	0	300	1200
Cellulose	50	0	50	0	50	0	50	0
Soybean Oil	70	630	70	630	26	234	26	234
t-Butylhydroquinone	0.014	0	0.014	0	0.014	0	0.014	0
Lard	0	0	0	0	174	1,566	174	1,566
Mineral Mix⁵⁾	35	0	35	0	35	0	35	0
Vitamin Mix⁶⁾	10	40	10	40	10	40	10	40
Choline Bitartrate	2.5	0	2.5	0	2.5	0	2.5	0
Total	1,000 4	4,000	1,000	4,000	837.5	4,000	837.5	4,000

¹⁾ CON: rats received control-diet based on AIN-93G (4.0 kcal/g diet)

²⁾ HFrc: rats received 30% fructose-diet based on control-die (4.0 kcal/g diet)

³⁾ HFat: rats received 45 kcal% fat-diet (4.8 kcal/g diet)

⁴⁾ HFrc + HFat: rats received 45 kcal% fat-diet with 30% fructose (4.8 kcal/g diet)

Table 2.

Serum and urinary levels of bone biomarkers

	CON²⁾	HFrc³⁾	HFat⁴⁾	HFrc + HFat⁵⁾
	(n = 8)	(n = 8)	(n = 8)	(n = 8)
Serum OC⁶⁾ (ng/ml)	17.4 ± 3.7^1)a	14.7 ± 1.0^b	17.5 ± 1.6^a	13.6 ± 2.2^b
Urinary DPD⁷⁾ (nmol/mmolCr⁸⁾)	190.8 ± 71.0	158.2 ± 50.4	183.5 ± 40.5	165.3 ± 28.8

¹⁾ Data are presented as means ± SD, statistical difference between the experimental groups based on one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests at p < 0.05.

²⁾ CON: rats received control-diet based on AIN-93G (4.0 kcal/g diet)

³⁾ HFrc: rats received 30% fructose-diet based on control-diet (4.0 kcal/g diet)

⁴⁾ HFat: rats received 45 kcal% fat-diet (4.8 kcal/g diet)

⁵⁾ HFrc + HFat: rats received 45 kcal% fat-diet with 30% fructose (4.8 kcal/g diet)

⁶⁾ OC: osteocalcin

⁷⁾ DPD: deoxypyridinoline

⁸⁾ Cr: creatinine

Table 3.

Architectural and mineralization parameters of the experimental groups

	CON²⁾	HFrc³⁾	HFat⁴⁾	HFrc + HFat⁵⁾
	(n = 4)	(n = 4)	(n = 4)	(n = 4)
Trabecular Bone
BV/TV (%)	13.6 ± 4.3^1)b	19.4 ± 4.2^ab	14.4 ± 1.4^b	21.9 ± 4.3^a
BS/BV (mm)	43.1 ± 2.9	40.4 ± 3.5	42.9 ± 2.3	41.2 ± 6.8
Tb.Th (mm)	0.09 ± 0.00	0.09 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.00	0.09 ± 0.01
Tb.Sp (mm)	00.6 ± 0.2	00.4 ± 0.1	00.5 ± 0.1	00.4 ± 0.1
Tb.N (mm)	01.6 ± 0.4^b	02.1 ± 0.3^ab	01.6 ± 0.1^b	02.3 ± 0.4^a
Tb.Pf (1/mm)	12.5 ± 2.1^a	09.7 ± 2.2^ab	12.6 ± 1.3^a	08.1 ± 2.5^b
SMI	02.1 ± 0.2	02.0 ± 0.2	02.2 ± 0.1	01.8 ± 0.2
BMD	0.14 ± 0.04	0.15 ± 0.05	0.14 ± 0.01	0.15 ± 0.08
Cortical Bone
BV (mm³)	07.9 ± 0.5^b	07.7 ± 0.3^b	08.6 ± 0.1^a	08.5 ± 0.4^a
MMI (mm⁴)	11.3 ± 2.2	10.1 ± 0.8	12.0 ± 1.4	12.0 ± 1.0
Cs.Th (mm)	0.34 ± 0.02	0.35 ± 0.03	0.38 ± 0.03	0.39 ± 0.02
BMD (g/cm³)	0.94 ± 0.03	0.96 ± 0.03	0.96 ± 0.03	0.99 ± 0.02

¹⁾ Data are presented as means ± SD, statistical difference between the experimental groups based on one-way ANOVA and Duncan’ multiple range tests at p < 0.05.

²⁾ CON: rats received control-diet based on AIN-93G (4.0 kcal/g diet)

³⁾ HFrc: rats received 30% fructose-diet based on control-diet (4.0 kcal/g diet)

⁴⁾ HFat: rats received 45 kcal% fat-diet (4.8 kcal/g diet)

⁵⁾ HFrc + HFat: rat received 45 kcal% fat-diet with 30% fructose (4.8 kcal/g diet), BV/TV (%): bone volume fraction, BS/BV (mm): bone surface to volume Tb.Th (mm): trabecular thickness, Tb.N (mm): trabecular number, Tb.Sp (mm): trabecular separation, Tb.Pf (mm): trabecular pattern fac tor, SMI: structure model index, BMD (mg/cm³) : bone mineral density, BV (mm³) : bone volume, MMI (mm³) bone volume, MMI (mm⁴): mean polar moment of inertia, Cs.Th (mm): cross sectional thickness.

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