Evaluation of nutrient intake and food variety by age in Korean adolescents: Based on 2010~2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Yun-Jung Bae

doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.3.236

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Bae: Evaluation of nutrient intake and food variety by age in Korean adolescents: Based on 2010~2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Research Article

J Nutr Health 2015;48(3):236-247.

Published online: 19 January 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.3.236

Evaluation of nutrient intake and food variety by age in Korean adolescents: Based on 2010~2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Yun-Jung Bae^†

Food and Nutrition Major, Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Gyeonggi 480-701, Korea

^†To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-31-870-3572, e-mail: byj@shinhan.ac.kr

Received 8 April 2015 Revised 9 May 2015 Accepted 14 May 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient intake and food variety in Korean adolescents.

Methods:

We analyzed 1,555 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years using data from the combined 2010~2012 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). In this study, subjects were divided according to age group (12~14 y, 15~18 y). The nutrient intake, ND (nutrient density), food intake and food score from each food group, variety and food intakes of meals, DDS (dietary diversity score), and GMVFDO (grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, dairy and oil food group) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method.

Results:

The results showed that the 15~18 age groupskipped breakfast significantly more often than the 12~14 age group (p < 0.0001). The 15~18 age group consumed significantly higher quantities of fat per 1,000 kcal compared to the 12~14 age group (p = 0.0069). Regarding food variety, the 15~18 age group showed a significantly higher intake (p < 0.0001) and score (p < 0.0001) from beverages than the 12~14 age group, whereas the 15~18 age group showed a significantly lower intake (p = 0.0084) and score (p = 0.0253) from milk than the 12~14 age group. In addition, DDS in the 15~18 age group (4.33) tended to be lower than that of the 12~14 age group (4.44) (p = 0.0727).

Conclusion:

Proper dietary management regarding meal variety is needed for the 15~18 age group, and more systematic studies to investigate the meal variety roles of adolescents are required.

Keywords: food variety, nutrient density, dietary diversity score, adolescents

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Table 1.

General characteristics and dietary habits of the subjects

	Sex						Total (n = 1,555)
	Boys (n = 836)		p value	Girls (n = 719)		p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
	12 ~ 14 y (n = 450)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 386)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 372)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
Age (yrs)	12.98 ± 0.05¹⁾	16.37 ± 0.07	< .0001	13.09 ± 0.05	16.49 ± 0.07	< .0001	13.03 ± 0.03	16.42 ± 0.05	< .0001
BMI (kg/m²) 2	0.54 ± 0.23	21.61 ± 0.21	0.0012	20.14 ± 0.19	21.37 ± 0.23	< .0001	20.36 ± 0.16	21.50 ± 0.15	< .0001
Dietary habits
Breakfast skipper (%)	12.49²⁾	21.34	0.0029	14.81	25.36	0.0040	13.54	23.16	< .0001
Experience of nutritional education	17.88	11.96	0.0352	18.31	10.93	0.0181	18.07	11.49	0.0020
Frequency of meal-outing
>= 1/d	21.87	51.88	-	21.28	47.20	-	21.60	49.77	-
3 ~ 6/w	77.42	45.08		78.55	50.08		77.93	47.34
1 ~ 2/w	-	0.61		-	1.38		-	0.96
<= 3/m	0.71	2.42		0.17	1.34		0.46	1.93

¹⁾ Mean ± SE 2) %

Table 2.

Daily nutrient intake of the subjects

	Sex						Total (n = 1,555)
	Boys (n = 836)		p value	Girls (n = 719)		p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
	12 ~ 14 y (n = 450)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 386)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 372)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
Energy (kcal)	2,296.81 ± 47.48¹⁾	2,517.82 ± 54.23	0.0021	1,974.28 ± 43.41	1,865.27 ± 43.88	0.0671	2,145.66 ± 33.50	2,217.45 ± 36.80	0.1562
	(/1,000 kcal)			(/1,000 kcal)			(/1,000 kcal)
Protein (g)	35.19 ± 0.48	37.40 ± 0.67	0.0086	36.02 ± 0.61	35.44 ± 0.71	0.5381	35.56 ± 0.39	36.51 ± 0.53	0.1597
Fat (g)	24.61 ± 0.53	26.00 ± 0.60	0.0827	24.70 ± 0.55	26.45 ± 0.72	0.0494	24.66 ± 0.39	26.21 ± 0.47	0.0069
Carbohydrate (g)	159.19 ± 1.47	153.69 ± 1.69	0.0125	159.13 ± 1.52	155.55 ± 2.01	0.1598	159.17 ± 1.12	154.54 ± 1.37	0.0063
Fiber (g)	2.60 ± 0.07	2.57 ± 0.08	0.7126	2.69 ± 0.09	2.77 ± 0.10	0.5168	2.64 ± 0.06	2.66 ± 0.07	0.8316
Vitamin A (mg)	376.05 ± 35.59	406.79 ± 62.86	0.6653	303.32 ± 20.98	333.56 ± 16.37	0.2653	342.42 ± 22.65	372.93 ± 34.37	0.4567
Vitamin B₁ (mg)	0.68 ± 0.01	0.72 ± 0.01	0.0324	0.69 ± 0.02	0.67 ± 0.02	0.3043	0.68 ± 0.01	0.70 ± 0.01	0.4312
Vitamin B₂ (mg)	0.65 ± 0.01	0.63 ± 0.01	0.2230	0.63 ± 0.01	0.64 ± 0.02	0.8124	0.64 ± 0.01	0.63 ± 0.01	0.4926
Niacin (mg)	7.46 ± 0.13	7.95 ± 0.16	0.0227	7.72 ± 0.15	7.66 ± 0.16	0.7580	7.58 ± 0.11	7.81 ± 0.11	0.1227
Vitamin C (mg)	43.79 ± 2.65	39.91 ± 2.16	0.2408	47.47 ± 3.55	49.25 ± 3.38	0.6964	45.52 ± 2.29	44.21 ± 2.00	0.6406
Calcium (mg)	242.84 ± 8.40	224.76 ± 7.14	0.1044	239.95 ± 7.65	231.65 ± 7.99	0.4118	241.57 ± 5.72	227.91 ± 5.53	0.0669
Phosphrous (mg)	561.50 ± 7.21	563.36 ± 8.42	0.8649	567.62 ± 8.60	544.84 ± 8.25	0.0426	564.18 ± 5.69	554.90 ± 6.30	0.2577
Sodium (mg)	1,900.70 ± 44.11	2,046.13 ± 52.46	6 0.0344 1	1,985.53 ± 55.46	1,928.32 ± 56.86	6 0.4753 1	,938.69 ± 37.41	1,992.49 ± 40.24	4 0.3274
Potassium (mg)	1,208.69 ± 22.19	1,226.52 ± 23.97	0.5680	1,245.38 ± 24.78	1,261.07 ± 28.42	0.6786	1,225.64 ± 17.36	1,242.51 ± 19.41	0.5144
Iron (mg)	6.01 ± 0.23	6.44 ± 0.30	0.2594	6.21 ± 0.27	5.92 ± 0.24	0.4003	6.10 ± 0.20	6.20 ± 0.19	0.7023
Distribution
% Carbohydrate	63.68 ± 0.59	61.48 ± 0.68	0.0125	63.65 ± 0.61	62.22 ± 0.80	0.1598	63.67 ± 0.45	61.82 ± 0.55	0.0063
% Protein	14.08 ± 0.19	14.96 ± 0.27	0.0086	14.41 ± 0.24	14.18 ± 0.28	0.5388	14.22 ± 0.16	14.60 ± 0.21	0.1597
% Fat	22.15 ± 0.47	23.40 ± 0.54	0.0827	22.23 ± 0.50	23.81 ± 0.65	0.0494	22.19 ± 0.36	23.59 ± 0.43	0.0069

¹⁾ Mean ± SE

Table 3.

The percent of RNI¹⁾ of the subjects

	Sex						Total (n = 1,555)
	Boys (n = 836)		p value	Girls (n = 719)		p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
	12 ~ 14 y (n = 450)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 386)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 372)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
Energy³⁾	95.70 ± 1.98²⁾	93.25 ± 2.01	0.3817	98.71 ± 2.17	93.26 ± 2.19	0.0671	97.06 ± 1.47	93.26 ± 1.53	0.0751
Protein	162.81 ± 4.15	172.64 ± 5.52	0.1477	159.11 ± 5.07	148.38 ± 5.13	0.1257	161.14 ± 3.26	161.67 ± 4.04	0.9187
Vitamin A	122.10 ± 12.81	113.29 ± 15.12	0.6481	91.39 ± 8.32	101.09 ± 5.50	0.3352	108.21 ± 8.61	107.77 ± 8.66	0.9705
Vitamin B₁	140.29 ± 3.98	138.87 ± 4.34	0.8155	125.53 ± 4.69	122.82 ± 3.87	0.6602	133.61 ± 2.97	131.62 ± 3.03	0.6502
Vitamin B₂	98.59 ± 2.84	93.01 ± 2.63	0.1302	104.41 ± 3.47	96.46 ± 2.78	0.0727	101.22 ± 2.30	94.57 ± 1.92	0.0244
Niacin	114.29 ± 2.91	118.51 ± 3.56	0.3481	108.47 ± 3.10	102.37 ± 3.50	0.1897	111.65 ± 2.14	111.22 ± 2.64	0.8991
Vitamin C	97.45 ± 5.63	88.41 ± 4.93	0.2108	91.28 ± 6.19	85.83 ± 5.10	0.4618	94.66 ± 4.22	87.24 ± 3.58	0.1559
Calcium	54.92 ± 2.16	61.32 ± 2.15	0.0324	51.95 ± 1.92	52.79 ± 2.03	0.7473	53.58 ± 1.46	57.46 ± 1.55	0.0527
Phosphrous	123.08 ± 3.03	125.45 ± 3.30	0.5932	128.49 ± 3.23	140.33 ± 3.51	0.0122	126.05 ± 2.24	133.61 ± 2.54	0.0275
Potassium⁴⁾	78.25 ± 2.17	87.01 ± 2.33	0.0062	69.64 ± 2.01	65.51 ± 1.92	0.1294	74.36 ± 1.52	77.29 ± 1.71	0.2056
ron	95.65 ± 3.64	103.05 ± 3.91	0.1721	92.20 ± 3.83	64.44 ± 2.68	< .0001	94.09 ± 2.94	85.60 ± 2.63	0.0376

¹⁾ Recommended nutrient intake

²⁾ Mean ± SE

³⁾ Estimated energy requirements

⁴⁾ Adequate intake

Table 4.

Food intakes from each food group of the subjects

	Sex						Total (n = 1,555)
	Boys (n = 836)		p value	Girls (n = 719)		p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
	12 ~ 14 y (n = 450)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 386)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 372)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
Total food (g)	1,409.01 ± 36.00¹⁾	1,645.92 ± 49.23	< .0001	1,225.33 ± 30.95	1,203.66 ± 31.56	0.6019	1,322.50 ± 23.15	1,442.49 ± 32.00	0.0022
Cereals (g)	379.19 ± 10.05	386.26 ± 9.66	0.6061	320.45 ± 8.27	276.71 ± 8.13	0.0001	351.72 ± 6.84	335.81 ± 7.00	0.1060
Potato & Starches (g)	34.61 ± 4.35	34.03 ± 3.41	0.9159	28.04 ± 5.05	36.69 ± 5.81	0.2520	31.63 ± 3.37	35.22 ± 3.31	0.4312
Sugars & Sweetners (g)	12.25 ± 2.36	11.00 ± 0.92	0.6234	13.65 ± 1.47	15.50 ± 1.99	0.4377	12.92 ± 1.52	13.07 ± 1.01	0.9323
Pulses (g)	32.29 ± 3.11	35.33 ± 4.25	0.5379	31.86 ± 5.42	22.39 ± 2.58	0.1020	32.02 ± 3.10	29.40 ± 2.54	0.4880
Nuts & Seeds (g)	1.99 ± 0.32	2.75 ± 0.75	0.3440	1.99 ± 0.41	2.19 ± 0.60	0.7820	1.99 ± 0.26	2.49 ± 0.49	0.3586
Vegetables (g)	213.38 ± 8.45	253.14 ± 10.93	0.0035	181.06 ± 7.71	177.70 ± 8.94	0.7792	198.17 ± 6.18	218.43 ± 7.49	0.0386
Fungi & Mushrooms (g)	4.89 ± 0.84	5.93 ± 0.74	0.3493	6.16 ± 1.13	3.46 ± 0.75	0.0379	5.45 ± 0.69	4.80 ± 0.54	0.4373
Fruits (g)	152.56 ± 16.47	145.28 ± 16.73	0.7446	166.81 ± 15.14	152.43 ± 13.74	0.4413 1	159.11 ± 11.86	148.61 ± 11.72	0.4820
Meats (g)	139.69 ± 8.35	199.84 ± 15.32	0.0007	127.49 ± 9.65	120.85 ± 8.40	0.5761	133.64 ± 6.47	163.59 ± 9.93	0.0099
Eggs (g)	33.63 ± 2.93	40.10 ± 3.25	0.1606	25.74 ± 1.99	25.21 ± 2.45	0.8663	29.94 ± 1.80	33.24 ± 2.08	0.2562
Fish & Shellfishes (g)	39.30 ± 3.47	43.13 ± 4.41	0.4538	37.60 ± 3.79	31.14 ± 2.94	0.1620	38.45 ± 2.59	37.63 ± 2.74	0.8141
Seaweeds (g)	3.10 ± 0.55	2.18 ± 0.24	0.1302	3.85 ± 0.94	2.82 ± 0.51	0.2779	3.45 ± 0.63	2.48 ± 0.28	0.1306
Milks (g)	224.74 ± 14.45	186.02 ± 13.88	0.0441	168.46 ± 10.55	142.61 ± 11.52	0.0869	198.80 ± 9.46	165.89 ± 9.43	0.0084
Oils & Fat (g)	8.43 ± 0.51	10.86 ± 0.67	0.0024	7.50 ± 0.51	8.16 ± 0.79	0.4779	7.99 ± 0.37	9.62 ± 0.53	0.0093
Beverages (g)	93.16 ± 14.71	241.96 ± 27.02	< .0001	73.00 ± 8.61	147.27 ± 16.67	< .0001	83.38 ± 8.68	198.48 ± 16.39	< .0001
Seasoning (g)	35.68 ± 2.45	48.03 ± 3.55	0.0061	31.00 ± 2.27	38.43 ± 5.31	0.2084	33.49 ± 1.70	43.61 ± 3.08	0.0056
Others (g)	0.13 ± 0.08	0.10 ± 0.02	0.7214	0.22 ± 0.15	0.11 ± 0.05	0.4880	0.17 ± 0.08	0.11 ± 0.03	0.4436

¹⁾ Mean ± SE

Table 5.

Food scores from each food group of the subjects

	Sex						Total (n = 1,555)
	Boys (n = 836)		p value	Girls (n = 719)		p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
	12 ~ 14 y (n = 450)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 386)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 372)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
Total food	32.59 ± 0.75¹⁾	32.81 ± 0.68	0.8247	33.50 ± 0.75	32.70 ± 0.96	0.4593	33.00 ± 0.55	32.76 ± 0.61	0.7519
Cereals	4.60 ± 0.13	4.43 ± 0.12	0.3441	4.56 ± 0.12	4.57 ± 0.17	0.9526	4.58 ± 0.09	4.50 ± 0.10	0.4953
Potato & Starches	0.71 ± 0.04	0.69 ± 0.05	0.7600	0.68 ± 0.05	0.65 ± 0.04	0.5933	0.70 ± 0.04	0.67 ± 0.03	0.5635
Sugars & Sweetners	1.44 ± 0.07	1.35 ± 0.06	0.2390	1.70 ± 0.06	1.59 ± 0.07	0.2593	1.56 ± 0.05	1.46 ± 0.04	0.1186
Pulses	0.85 ± 0.05	0.83 ± 0.05	0.6871	0.82 ± 0.05	0.76 ± 0.05	0.3739	0.84 ± 0.04	0.79 ± 0.04	0.3874
Nuts & Seeds	1.03 ± 0.07	1.03 ± 0.08	0.9960	1.08 ± 0.08	1.02 ± 0.08	0.5665	1.06 ± 0.06	1.03 ± 0.06	0.7165
Vegetables	8.26 ± 0.24	8.35 ± 0.20	0.7604	8.26 ± 0.23	7.98 ± 0.27	0.3828	8.26 ± 0.17	8.18 ± 0.17	0.7435
Fungi & Mushrooms	0.43 ± 0.05	0.48 ± 0.04	0.3399	0.54 ± 0.05	0.49 ± 0.06	0.5274	0.48 ± 0.04	0.49 ± 0.04	0.8555
Fruits	1.12 ± 0.09	0.98 ± 0.10	0.3002	1.21 ± 0.09	1.54 ± 0.17	0.0864	1.16 ± 0.06	1.24 ± 0.10	0.5271
Meats	1.80 ± 0.07	2.06 ± 0.09	0.0122	1.97 ± 0.08	1.89 ± 0.09	0.4478	1.88 ± 0.06	1.98 ± 0.06	0.1596
Eggs	0.69 ± 0.03	0.72 ± 0.03	0.5677	0.68 ± 0.03	0.66 ± 0.03	0.7090	0.69 ± 0.02	0.69 ± 0.02	0.8217
Fish & Shellfishes	1.79 ± 0.10	1.86 ± 0.11	0.6412	1.90 ± 0.10	1.64 ± 0.10	0.0675	1.84 ± 0.07	1.76 ± 0.08	0.4518
Seaweeds	0.74 ± 0.05	0.67 ± 0.05	0.2919	0.77 ± 0.05	0.74 ± 0.05	0.7205	0.76 ± 0.04	0.70 ± 0.04	0.3328
Milks	1.05 ± 0.05	0.90 ± 0.05	0.0238	1.03 ± 0.05	0.98 ± 0.06	0.4838	1.04 ± 0.04	0.94 ± 0.04	0.0253
Oils & Fat	1.98 ± 0.07	1.95 ± 0.06	0.6938	2.08 ± 0.06	1.88 ± 0.06	0.0249	2.03 ± 0.05	1.92 ± 0.04	0.0888
Beverages	0.54 ± 0.05	0.88 ± 0.06	< .0001	0.55 ± 0.05	0.82 ± 0.06	0.0003	0.54 ± 0.03	0.85 ± 0.04	< .0001
Seasoning	5.47 ± 0.14	5.53 ± 0.13	0.7543	5.58 ± 0.15	5.39 ± 0.17	0.4035	5.52 ± 0.11	5.47 ± 0.11	0.7242
Cooked & Processed food	0.08 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.02	0.3579	0.09 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.02	0.4604	0.08 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.2210

¹⁾ Mean ± SE

Table 6.

The variety and food intakes of meal in the subjects

	Sex						Total (n = 1,555)
	Boys (n = 836)		p value	Girls (n = 719)		p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 450)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 386)	p value
	12 ~ 14 y (n = 372)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 450)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 386)	p value
Food intakes of meal
Breakfast	205.89 ± 9.11¹⁾	213.24 ± 11.57	0.6037	165.03 ± 8.89	155.36 ± 10.24	0.4665	186.89 ± 6.80	186.55 ± 7.58	0.9714
Lunch	334.92 ± 13.88	438.60 ± 18.98	< .0001	308.71 ± 11.08	322.80 ± 16.40	0.4455	322.25 ± 9.71	385.42 ± 13.30	< .0001
Dinner	373.17 ± 21.22	491.22 ± 28.56	0.0012	312.12 ± 18.84	319.01 ± 16.09	0.7786	344.26 ± 14.80	412.05 ± 17.86	0.0049
Snack	494.93 ± 23.96	502.85 ± 31.70	0.8377	439.48 ± 23.12	406.49 ± 21.04	0.2507	469.04 ± 17.97	458.46 ± 20.67	0.6841
Number of dishes
Breakfast	2.81 ± 0.11	2.66 ± 0.14	0.3844	2.65 ± 0.13	2.34 ± 0.15	0.1241	2.74 ± 0.09	2.51 ± 0.11	0.0855
Lunch	3.72 ± 0.13	3.68 ± 0.13	0.8529	3.87 ± 0.11	3.61 ± 0.13	0.1293	3.79 ± 0.09	3.65 ± 0.10	0.3188
Dinner	3.88 ± 0.16	3.93 ± 0.15	0.8229	3.62 ± 0.15	3.76 ± 0.15	0.5131	3.76 ± 0.11	3.85 ± 0.11	0.5551
Snack	3.23 ± 0.11	2.97 ± 0.14	0.1389	3.31 ± 0.14	3.35 ± 0.15	0.8221	3.27 ± 0.10	3.14 ± 0.10	0.3464
Number of foods
Breakfast	8.37 ± 0.41	8.03 ± 0.49	0.5915	8.63 ± 0.56	7.08 ± 0.54	0.0468	8.48 ± 0.35	7.60 ± 0.37	0.0609
Lunch	16.20 ± 0.72	15.79 ± 0.69	0.6429	17.24 ± 0.65	15.38 ± 0.72	0.0307	16.67 ± 0.54	15.60 ± 0.52	0.1128
Dinner	13.09 ± 0.59	14.08 ± 0.51	0.2243	12.21 ± 0.59	13.88 ± 0.61	0.0554	12.69 ± 0.39	13.99 ± 0.40	0.0249
Snack	6.06 ± 0.35	6.10 ± 0.42	0.9440	6.37 ± 0.43	5.65 ± 0.39	0.1933	6.20 ± 0.28	5.90 ± 0.29	0.4398

¹⁾ Mean ± SE

Table 7.

Distribution of dietary diversity score (DDS) of the subjects

	Sex						Total (n = 1,555)
	Boys (n = 836)		p value	Girls (n = 719)		p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
	12 ~ 14 y (n = 450)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 386)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 372)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)	p value	12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)	15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)	p value
DDS
0 ~ 4	51.85¹⁾	49.69	0.0404	48.39	56.11	0.1837	50.29	52.60	0.0524
5	31.18	38.85		34.23	30.73		32.56	35.18
6	16.97	11.45		17.38	13.16		17.16	12.22
Mean	4.44 ± 0.06²⁾	4.37 ± 0.06	0.3770	4.43 ± 0.07	4.27 ± 0.07	0.1017	4.44 ± 0.05	4.33 ± 0.05	0.0727

¹⁾ %

²⁾ Mean ± SE

Table 8.

Distribution of food group intake pattern (GMVFDO)¹⁾ of the subjects

Rank	Sex								Total (n = 1,555)
	Boys (n = 836)				p value				12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)		15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)
	12 ~ 14 y (n = 450)		15 ~ 18 y (n = 386)		12 ~ 14 y (n = 372)		15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)		12 ~ 14 y (n = 822)		15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)
1	111111	16.97²⁾	111011	18.61	111111	17.38	111111	13.16	111111	17.16	111011	14.66
2	111011	15.03	111111	13.77	111110	13.19	111001	10.81	111011	13.53	111001	12.44
3	111110	10.19	111001	11.45	111011	11.70	111011	9.88	111110	10.99	111111	12.22
4	111010	9.16	111110	9.91	111010	8.07	111101	8.77	111010	9.23	111110	8.91
5	111001	9.13	111101	7.72	111000	7.29	111100	8.27	111001	7.17	111101	8.20
6	111000	6.56	111010	6.80	111101	6.41	111110	7.70	111000	6.89	111010	7.01
7	111100	5.69	111000	6.79	101110	6.06	111010	7.28	101110	5.86	111000	6.07
8	101010	4.71	111100	4.17	111100	5.67	111000	5.18	111101	5.29	111100	6.02
9	101110	4.37	101010	2.52	111001	4.81	101111	4.20	111100	4.77	101111	3.24
10	111101	4.03	101000	2.45	101010	3.65	101100	3.16	101010	4.23	101010	2.69

¹⁾ GMVFDO: grains, meats, vegetables, fruits, dairys, fats and oils food group, 1: food group(s) present, 0: food group(s) absent, For example, GMVFDO = 111111 denotes that all food group (grains, meats, vegetables, fruits, dairys, fats and oils food group) were consumed.

²⁾ %

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