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Abstract
Purpose
Dendropanax morifera Leveille(DML) exhibits diverse biological and pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidative effect, anti-cancer activity, hepatoprotection, immunological stimulation, and bone regeneration. As part of the identification for novel functions of DML, we investigated the therapeutic effects of DML on diabetes induced by streptozotocine (STZ) treatment.
Methods
First, the four extracts including the water extract of leaf (DLW), the ethanol extract of leaf (DLE), the water extract of stem (DSW), and the ethanol extract of stem (DSE) were collected from the leaf and stem of DML using a hot water and ethanol solvent. Alterations in body weight, glucose concentration, insulin level, and pancreatic islet structure were investigated in diabetic mice after treatment with extracts of DML for 2 weeks.
Results
Among four extracts, the highest level of total polyphenols and total flavonoids was detected in DLW, while the lowest level of these was measured in DSE. The radical scavenging activity was also higher in DLW than in the other three extracts at the concentration of 25-100 µg/mL, although this activity was maintained at a constant level in all groups at the concentration of 500 µg/mL. Based on the results of anti-oxidant activity, DLW and DLE were selected for examination of anti-diabetic effects in a diabetes model. Body weight was gradually decreased in all STZ treated groups compared with the No treated group. However, four STZ/DML treated groups maintained a high level of body weight during 7-14 days, while the STZ/vehicle treated group showed a gradual decrease of body weight during the same period. Also, a significant decrease or increase in the concentration of glucose and insulin in the blood of the diabetes model was detected in a subset of groups, although the highest increase was detected in the STZ/DLE-200 treated group. In addition, the histological structure of pancreatic islet was significantly recovered after treatment with DLW and DLE.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
Change in body weight and glucose concentration following DLW and DLE treatment. (A) Body weight of the mice in the 6 groups was measured using a chemical balance after the final DLW and DLE treatment. (B) The mice were treated orally with DLW and DLE (100, 200 mg/kg body weight/day) for 2 weeks. The glucose concentration was measured in the blood collected from the tail vein of mice at seven different times using the sensitive strip of the Blood Glucose Monitoring System The control group received the vehicle only. Data are reported as the mean ± SD from 3 replicates. a~dMeans with the different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test. A statistically significant difference for specific level in some groups was represented as a group within Dash-lined box. NC, normal control; STZ/DLW-100, streptozotocin/water extract of leaf-100 mg/kg; STZ/DLW-200, streptozotocin/water extract of leaf-200 mg/kg; STZ/DLE-100, streptozotocin/ethanol extract of leaf-100 mg/kg; STZ/DLE-200, streptozotocin/ethanol extract of leaf-200 mg/kg.
Fig. 2
Change in insulin concentration and the morphology of pancreatic islet following DLW and DLE treatment. (A) The insulin concentration was detected in the serum of streptozotocin-induced diabetic model animals on the final day. This kit has 0.1 ng/mL of sensitivity and inter-assay coefficient of variation was in the 2.86-5.17 range. Data are reported as the mean ± SD from 3 replicates. a~cMeans with the different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test. (B) Histological analysis and immunostaining analysis for insulin expression. The expression level of insulin was detected in the pancreatic islets of STZ/vehicle treated mice by immunostaining analysis. A high intensity was observed in the pancreatic islets of the DLW or DLE treated mice compared with the STZ/vehicle treated mice at 200x magnification.NC, normal control; STZ/DLW-100, streptozotocin/water extract of leaf-100 mg/kg; STZ/DLW-200, streptozotocin/water extract of leaf-200 mg/kg; STZ/DLE-100, streptozotocin/ethanol extract of leaf-100 mg/kg; STZ/DLE-200, streptozotocin/ethanol extract of leaf-200 mg/kg.
Table 1
Contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids in hot water extracts and ethanol extracts from Dendropanax morifera Leveille
1) Milligrams of total polyphenol content/g of plants based on gallic acid as standard. 2) Milligrams of total flavonoid content/g of plants based on quercetin as standard. 3) Each value is mean ± S.D. (n ≥ 3).
a~d Means with the different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test.
DLW, water extract of leaf; DLE, the ethanol extract of leaf; DSW, water extract of stem; DSE, ethanol extract of stem.
Table 2
DPPH radical scavenging activity of Dendropanax morifera Leveille hot water extracts and ethanol extracts
Table 3
Urinalysis of normal and STZ-induced diabetic mice fed with Dendropanax morifera Leveille
Values are mean ± SD(n=6).
a~b Means with the different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test.
NC, normal control; STZ/DLW-100, streptozotocin/water extract of leaf-100 mg/kg; STZ/DLW-200, streptozotocin/water extract of leaf-200 mg/kg; STZ/DLE-100, streptozotocin/ethanol extract of leaf-100 mg/kg; STZ/DLE-200, streptozotocin/ethanol extract of leaf-200 mg/kg.
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