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Abstract
Purpose
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in both the adult population and in adolescents. How-ever, few studies have been conducted for adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the association of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors with high carbohydrate diet and high fat diet using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2009).
Methods
Using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Korean Dietary Reference Intakes, subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was greater than 70% and from fat was less than 15% were classified as the 'High-carbohydrate & low-fat diet (HCLF)' group and subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was less than 60% and from fat was 25% or more were classified as the 'Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet (LCHF)' group. Among 5,931 eligible subjects, HCLF included 853 subjects and LCHF included 1,084 subjects.
Results
The mean age in both groups was 14 years and significant difference in age, BMI, sex, physical activity, and household income was observed between the HCLF and LCHF groups. Regarding the energy intake compared to Estimated Energy Re-quirement, the HCLF group met 79.0% and the LCHF group met 100.3%. Regarding nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal, carbo-hydrate, iron, potassium, and vitamin C intake in the HCLF group were significantly higher, but protein, fat, calcium, phos-phorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes were significantly lower in the HCLF group compared to the LCHF group. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, study year, household income, physical activity, and energy intake, the serum tri-glycerides level and systolic blood pressure were slightly higher, while the serum HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower in HCLF than LCHF. The odds ratio of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between HCLF and LCHF.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
The percent of energy intake (per EER) of study subjects. HCLF: High-carbohydrate & low-fat Diet, LCHF: Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet.
Table 1
General characteristics of study subjects and macronutrient intakes
1) HCLF: High-carbohydrate & low-fat Diet 2) LCHF: Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet 3) Physical activity was assigned "yes" if a subject engaged in physical activity at middle intensity more than 20 minutes at least 3 days or more per week over the previous week 4) All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sampling weights of the national survey. 5) The models of nutrient intakes were adjusted for age, BMI, sex, study year, physical activity and household income.
Table 3
Anthropometric and biochemical parameters of study subjects
1) Mean ± SE 2) HCLF: High-carbohydrate & low-fat Diet 3) LCHF: Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet 4) All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sampling weights of the national survey and were adjusted for age, BMI, sex, physical activity, household income, study year and energy intake.
Table 4
The odd ratios of metabolic syndrome on study subjects
1) HCLF: High-carbohydrate & low-fat Diet 2) LCHF: Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet 3) All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sampling weights of the national survey and were adjusted for age, BMI, sex, physical activity, household income, study year, and energy intake.
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