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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the food habits score, nutrients intake and dietary quality with regard to coffee consumption of college students in Incheon. The data were collected with a self-reports questionnaire with a total of 190 subjects, comprised with 101 male and 89 female college students. We classified these subjects into three groups using percentile of coffee intake to assess the nutrients intake and dietary quality. The correlations among coffee intake, food habits score, nutrients intake and dietary quality were evaluated. The average coffee intake of male and female college students were 156.8 mL and 157.4 mL, respectively. The coffee preferences with respect to specialty coffee were caramel macchiato, cafe latte, americano, cafe mocha, and cappucino in male college students, and caramel macchiato, ameri-cano, cafe mocha, cafe latte, and cappucino in female college students, in preference order. The coffee intake motivation score of the high 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake was higher than that of the low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake in emotion motivation and utilitarian motivation. The highest scores were ‘flavor and aroma’ in emotion motivation, and ‘prevention of sleepness’ in utilitarian motivation. The average food habits score of “I often eat the natural food” was significantly higher in the low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake compared with the other groups (p ＜ 0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between coffee intake and ‘I purchase the processed food after examining nutrition labels’ of food habits score (r = 0.280; p ＜ 0.01) in female college students. The energy intake of the high 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake was significantly higher in that of the moderate 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake in male college students (p ＜ 0.05). Therefore, it may be necessary for college students to undergo a well-planned nutrition education regarding proper coffee intake, choice of coffee, energy intake related to coffee intake, and dietary habits. (J Nutr Health 2013; 46(6): 560 – 572)
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Fig. 1.
Coffee preference by gender. 1) Etc.: espresso doppio, espresso ris-tretto, espresso macchiato, espresso conpanna
Table 1.
General characteristics and health-related lifestyle of the subjects
| Variables | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP group (n = 38)1) | MP group (n = 31) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 101) | LP group (n = 25) | MP group (n = 32) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 89) | |
| Age (years) | 23.4 ± 0.2 | 22.8 ± 0.3 | 23.4 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.22)***3) | 20.8 ± 0.3a4) | 20.6 ± 0.2 a | 21.6 ± 0.3 b | 21.0 ± 0.2 |
| Type of residence | ||||||||
| Living with family | 24 (63.2) | 17 (54.8) | 19 (59.4) | 60 (59.4)5) | 19 (76.0) | 27 (84.4) | 18 (56.3) | 64 (71.9) |
| Living by oneself | 13 (34.2) | 9 (29.0) | 9 (28.1) | 31 (30.7) | 3 (12.0) | 3 (9.4) | 8 (25.0) | 14 (15.7) |
| Dormitory or etc. | 1 (2.6) | 5 (16.1) | 4 (12.5) | 10 (9.9) | 3 (12.0) | 2 (6.3) | 6 (18.8) | 11 (12.4) |
| Pocket money (1,000 won/month) | ||||||||
| ＜200 | 7 (18.4) | 7 (22.6) | 6 (18.8) | 20 (19.8) | 4 (16.0) | 8 (25.0) | 4 (12.5) | 16 (18.0) |
| 200–400 | 26 (68.4) | 16 (51.6) | 15 (46.9) | 57 (56.4) | 15 (60.0) | 19 (59.4) | 20 (62.5) | 54 (60.7) |
| ≥400 | 5 (13.2) | 8 (25.8) | 11 (34.4) | 24 (23.8) | 6 (24.0) | 5 (15.6) | 8 (25.0) | 19 (21.3) |
| Eating out (times/week) | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 6 (15.8) | 7 (22.6) | 7 (21.9) | 20 (19.8) | 7 (28.0) | 7 (21.9) | 7 (21.9) | 21 (20.2) |
| 2–4 | 22 (57.9) | 16 (51.6) | 9 (28.1) | 47 (46.5) | 9 (36.0) | 17 (53.1) | 17 (53.1) | 43 (48.3) |
| ≥5 | 10 (26.3) | 8 (25.8) | 16 (50.0) | 34 (33.7) | 9 (36.0) | 8 (25.0) | 8 (25.0) | 25 (28.1) |
| Frequency of exercise (times/week) | ||||||||
| None | 6 (15.8) | 6 (19.4) | 7 (21.9) | 19 (18.8)*** | 13 (52.0) | 19 (59.4) | 12 (37.5) | 44 (49.4) |
| 1–2 | 19 (50.0) | 15 (48.4) | 13 (40.6) | 47 (46.5) | 7 (28.0) | 8 (25.0) | 12 (37.5) | 27 (30.3) |
| 3–5 | 11 (28.9) | 7 (22.6) | 10 (31.3) | 28 (27.7) | 5 (20.0) | 3 (9.4) | 7 (21.9) | 15 (16.9) |
| 6–7 | 2 (5.3) | 3 (9.7) | 2 (6.3) | 7 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.3) | 1 (3.1) | 3 (3.4) |
| Frequency of alcohol drinking (times/week) | ||||||||
| None | 13 (34.2) | 7 (22.6) | 3 (9.4) | 23 (22.8) | 10 (40.0) | 13 (40.6) | 6 (18.8) | 29 (32.6) |
| ≤1 | 18 (47.4) | 15 (48.4) | 23 (71.9) | 56 (55.4) | 10 (40.0) | 15 (46.9) | 20 (62.5) | 45 (50.6) |
| 2–4 | 6 (15.8) | 9 (29.0) | 4 (12.5) | 19 (18.8) | 4 (16.0) | 4 (12.5) | 6 (18.8) | 14 (15.7) |
| ≥ 5 | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.3) | 3 (3.0) | 2 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) |
1) LP group: Low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake (coffee intake ＜ 100 mL), MP group: Midium 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake (100 mL ≤ coffee intake ＜ 200 mL), HP group: High 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake: (200 mL ≤ coffee intake)
3) Superscripts are significantly different between male and female by student t-test or chi-square test (*: p ＜ 0.05 **: p ＜ 0.01
Table 2.
Anthropometric parameters
| Variables | Male (n = 101) | Female (n = 89) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP group 1) (n = 38) | MP group (n = 31) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 101) | LP group (n = 25) | MP group (n = 32) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 89) | |
| Height (cm) | 174.0 ± 0.9 | 174.6 ± 0.8 | 174.4 ± 1.0 | 174.3 ± 0.52)***3) | 161.8 ± 1.1 | 161.0 ± 1.0 | 162.9 ± 1.0 | 161.9 ± 0.6 |
| Weight (kg) | 70.2 ± 1.1 | 70.4 ± 1.2 | 71.5 ± 1.7 | 70.7 ± 0.8*** | 55.7 ± 2.3 | 54.3 ± 0.9 | 56.6 ± 1.2 | 55.5 ± 0.8 |
| Percent body Fat (%) | 17.0 ± 0.8 | 16.9 ± 0.8 | 16.9 ± 1.0 | 16.9 ± 0.5*** | 26.6 ± 1.6 | 26.9 ± 0.7 | 26.4 ± 0.7 | 26.6 ± 0.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2)4) | 23.2 ± 0.3 | 23.1 ± 0.4 | 23.5 ± 0.5 | 23.3 ± 0.2*** | 21.2 ± 0.8 | 21.0 ± 0.3 | 21.3 ± 0.3 | 21.2 ± 0.3 |
| Underweight (＜18.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0)*** | 6 (24.0) | 1 (3.1) | 1 (3.1) | 8 (9.0) |
| Normal (18.5–23) | 20 (52.6) | 14 (45.2) | 18 (56.3) | 52 (51.5) | 12 (48.0) | 25 (78.1) | 24 (75.0) | 61 (68.5) |
| Overweight (23–25) | 12 (31.6) | 12 (38.7) | 5 (15.6) | 29 (28.7) | 2 (8.0) | 5 (15.6) | 6 (18.8) | 13 (14.6) |
| Obesity (≥25) | 6 (15.8) | 5 (16.1) | 9 (28.1) | 20 (19.8) | 5 (20.0) | 1 (3.1) | 1 (3.1) | 7 (7.9) |
1) LP group: Low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake (coffee intake ＜ 100 mL), MP group: Midium 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake (100 mL ≤ coffee intake ＜ 200 mL), HP group: High 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake: (200 mL ≤ coffee intake)
Table 3.
Coffee intake motivation by gender and group
| Variables | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP group (n = 38)1) | MP group (n = 31) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 101) | LP group (n = 25) | MP group (n = 32) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 89) | |
| Emotional motivation | 8.3 ± 0.5 a | 9.5 ± 0.4ab | 10.6 ± 0.4b | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 8.4 ± 0.5a | 10.1 ± 0.4b | 11.3 ± 0.4c | 10.0 ± 0.3 |
| Flavor and aroma | 3.6 ± 0.22) a3) | 3.9 ± 0.2 ab | 4.2 ± 0.2 b | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 |
| Habit | 2.0 ± 0.2 a | 2.7 ± 0.2 b | 3.2 ± 0.2 b | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.2 a | 2.8 ± 0.2 b | 3.9 ± 0.2 c | 2.9 ± 0.1 |
| Atmosphere | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.1 |
| Utilitarian motivation | 7.3 ± 0.5 a | 7.7 ± 0.4 ab | 8.8 ± 0.4 b | 7.9 ± 0.3 | 6.6 ± 0.5 a | 8.0 ± 0.5 b | 9.0 ± 0.5 b | 8.0 ± 0.3 |
| Prevention of sleepness | 2.8 ± 0.2 a | 3.5 ± 0.2 b | 3.7 ± 0.2 b | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.1 |
| Reduction of stress | 1.8 ± 0.2 a | 1.8 ± 0.2 a | 2.5 ± 0.2 b | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.2 a | 1.9 ± 0.2 a | 3.0 ± 0.2 b | 2.2 ± 0.1 |
| Meeting | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 |
Table 4.
Dietary habits score by gender and group according to coffee intake percentile
| Dietary habits | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP group (n = 38)1) | MP group (n = 31) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 101) | LP group (n = 25) | MP group (n = 32) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 89) | |
| I eat a breakfast regularly. | 3.2 ± 0.22) | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.2 NS3) | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.1 |
| I eat three meals a day. | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.1 |
| I have enough time to eat a meal. | . 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.1 |
| I eat the variety foods. | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 |
| I don’t eat too much. | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.1 |
| I don’t eat the salty food. | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 |
| I eat the meat, fish, bean, egg or tofu everyday. | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.2 |
| I don’t eat the fried or stir-fired food. | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.1 |
| I eat the milk or dairy product everyday. | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.1 |
| I eat the vegetable, seaweed or mushroom every meal. | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.1 |
| I eat the fruit everyday. | 2.9 ± 0.2 a4) | 2.5 ± 0.2 b | 2.9 ± 0.2 b | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.1 |
| I often eat the natural food. | 3.1 ± 0.1a4) | 2.7 ± 0.2b | 2.7 ± 0.1b | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 |
| I purchase the processed food after examining nutrition labels. | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.1 |
| I apply nutrition knowledge to everyday. | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.1 |
| Total score | 41.2 ± 1.3 | 40.7 ± 1.2 | 41.8 ± 1.3 | 41.3 ± 0.7 | 40.9 ± 1.0 | 41.8 ± 1.2 | 41.4 ± 1.2 | 41.4 ± 0.7 |
Table 5.
Correlation of coffee intake and dietary habits score
| Dietary habits | Male | Female | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee intake (n = 101) | Coffee intake (n = 89) | Coffee intake (n = 190) | |
| I eat a breakfast regularly. | 0.0771) | 0.100 | 0.086 |
| I eat three meals a day. | 0.044 | 0.080 | 0.060 |
| I have enough time to eat a meal. | 0.057 | 0.078 | 0.061 |
| I eat the variety foods. | 0.116 | –0.104 | 0.038 |
| I don’t eat too much. | 0.027 | 0.021 | 0.024 |
| I don’t eat the salty food. | 0.006 | –0.008 | –0.001 |
| I eat the meat, fish, bean, egg or tofu everyday. | –0.015 | –0.055 | –0.028 |
| I don’t eat the fried or stir-fired food. | 0.079 | 0.043 | 0.064 |
| I eat the milk or dairy product everyday. | 0.111 | 0.115 | 0.114 |
| I eat the vegetable, seaweed or mushroom every meal. | 0.037 | –0.109 | –0.018 |
| I eat the fruit everyday. | 0.051 | 0.032 | 0.040 |
| I often eat the natural food. | 0.015 | 0.027 | 0.021 |
| I purchase the processed food after examining nutrition labels. | 0.102 | 0.280**2) | 0.167* |
| I apply nutrition knowledge to everyday. | –0.060 | 0.128 | 0.011 |
| Total score | 0.082 | 0.105 | 0.090 |
Table 6.
Nutrients intake by gender and group according to coffee intake percentile
| Variables | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP group (n = 38)1) | MP group (n = 31) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 101) | LP group (n = 25) | MP group (n = 32) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 89) | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1,751.0 ± 55.22) ab3) | 1,611.4 ± 60.1 a | 1,910.7 ± 88.2 b | 1,761.7 ± 41.0 | 1,557.4 ± 70.7 | 1,566.5 ± 72.2 | 1,477.0 ± 66.9 | 1,531.7 ± 40.4 |
| %EER | 67.3 ± 2.1 | 64.1 ± 2.6 | 73.5 ± 3.4 | 68.3 ± 1.6 | 74.2 ± 3.4 | 74.6 ± 3.4 | 70.3 ± 3.2 | 72.9 ± 1.9 |
| Carbohydrate(g) | 240.5 ± 6.7 | 244.0 ± 10.4 | 268.0 ± 12.1 | 250.6 ± 5.7 | 210.4 ± 7.8 | 217.5 ± 8.2 | 225.1 ± 11.0 | 218.1 ± 5.3 |
| Protein (g) | 69.6 ± 2.8 | 73.2 ± 7.0 | 74.2 ± 3.8 | 72.2 ± 2.7 | 58.8 ± 3.6 | 56.9 ± 3.0 | 54.9 ± 3.1 | 56.7 ± 1.9 |
| %RI | 126.5 ± 5.0 | 133.2 ± 12.8 | 135.0 ± 6.9 | 131.2 ± 4.8 | 117.7 ± 7.2 | 113.9 ± 6.0 | 109.7 ± 6.3 | 113.4 ± 3.7 |
| Vit A (μ gR.E) | 629.6 ± 33.8 | 586.8 ± 41.2 | 712.0 ± 64.9 | 642.6 ± 27.5 | 635.1 ± 55.0 | 639.3 ± 54.4 | 518.7 ± 36.1 | 594.7 ± 28.5 |
| %RI | 83.9 ± 4.5 | 78.2 ± 5.5 | 94.9 ± 8.6 | 85.7 ± 3.7 | 97.7 ± 8.5 | 98.4 ± 8.4 | 79.8 ± 5.6 | 91.5 ± 4.4 |
| Vit B1 (mg) | 1.28 ± 0.05 | 1.17 ± 0.06 | 1.32 ± 0.08 | 1.26 ± 0.04 | 1.07 ± 0.06 | 1.13 ± 0.12 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 1.05 ± 0.05 |
| %RI | 106.4 ± 4.1 | 97.6 ± 4.8 | 109.6 ± 6.9 | 104.7 ± 3.1 | 97.1 ± 5.6 | 102.3 ± 11.0 | 87.5 ± 5.7 | 95.5 ± 4.7 |
| Vit B2 (mg) | 1.05 ± 0.05 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 1.17 ± 0.08 | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 1.15 ± 0.19 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.98 ± 0.08 |
| %RI | 70.0 ± 3.4 | 65.6 ± 3.5 | 77.9 ± 5.4 | 71.2 ± 2.4 | 77.3 ± 4.2 | 96.1 ± 16.0 | 71.6 ± 5.2 | 82.0 ± 6.2 |
| Niacin (mg) | 15.7 ± 0.6 | 17.7 ± 3.3 | 16.4 ± 1.1 | 16.5 ± 1.1 | 13.3 ± 1.0 | 13.7 ± 1.7 | 13.2 ± 0.8 | 13.4 ± 0.7 |
| %RI | 98.0 ± 3.9 | 110.7 ± 20.5 | 102.5 ± 7.0 | 103.3 ± 6.8 | 95.3 ± 6.8 | 97.7 ± 11.8 | 93.9 ± 5.4 | 95.7 ± 5.0 |
| Folic acid (μ gDFE) | 193.9 ± 11.3 | 177.3 ± 12.8 | 200.2 ± 14.4 | 190.8 ± 7.4 | 170.6 ± 11.0 | 174.6 ± 14.0 | 162.4 ± 11.1 | 169.1 ± 7.1 |
| %RI | 48.5 ± 2.8 | 44.3 ± 3.2 | 50.0 ± 3.6 | 47.7 ± 1.8 | 42.7 ± 2.7 | 43.7 ± 3.5 | 40.6 ± 2.8 | 42.3 ± 1.8 |
| Vit C (mg) | 61.9 ± 2.9 | 56.7 ± 4.6 | 60.4 ± 5.9 | 59.8 ± 2.6 | 54.3 ± 4.6 | 50.7 ± 5.4 | 50.8 ± 4.3 | 51.7 ± 2.8 |
| %RI | 61.9 ± 2.9 | 56.7 ± 4.6 | 60.4 ± 5.9 | 59.8 ± 2.6 | 54.3 ± 4.6 | 50.7 ± 5.4 | 50.8 ± 4.3 | 51.7 ± 2.8 |
| Ca (mg) | 409.0 ± 20.1 | 397.5 ± 32.3 | 435.5 ± 27.4 | 413.9 ± 15.1 | 387.0 ± 27.3 | 385.7 ± 23.3 | 342.5 ± 21.2 | 370.5 ± 13.7 |
| %RI | 54.5 ± 2.7 | 53.0 ± 4.3 | 58.1 ± 3.7 | 55.2 ± 2.0 | 59.5 ± 4.2 | 59.3 ± 3.6 | 52.7 ± 3.3 | 57.0 ± 2.1 |
| P (mg) | 890.6 ± 35.6 | 911.9 ± 62.0 | 973.9 ± 48.3 | 923.5 ± 27.8 | 791.1 ± 48.6 | 752.0 ± 40.8 | 726.7 ± 38.5 | 753.9 ± 24.2 |
| %RI | 127.2 ± 5.1 | 130.3 ± 8.9 | 139.1 ± 6.9 | 131.9 ± 4.0 | 113.0 ± 6.9 | 107.4 ± 5.8 | 103.8 ± 5.5 | 107.7 ± 3.5 |
| Fe (mg) | 11.5 ± 0.4 | 11.8 ± 0.8 | 12.6 ± 0.7 | 11.9 ± 0.4 | 10.9 ± 0.6 | 10.5 ± 0.9 | 9.9 ± 0.6 | 10.4 ± 0.4 |
| %RI | 114.9 ± 3.8 | 118.0 ± 7.7 | 125.6 ± 7.4 | 119.3 ± 3.6 | 77.8 ± 4.6 | 75.0 ± 6.5 | 71.0 ± 4.4 | 74.3 ± 3.1 |
Table 7.
Correlation of coffee intake and nutrients intake
| Factors | Male | Female | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee intake (n = 101) | Coffee intake (n = 89) | Coffee intake (n = 190) | |
| Energy (kcal) | 0.2751)**2) | –0.001 | 0.169* |
| Cabohydrate | 0.269** | 0.067 | 0.192** |
| Protein (g) | 0.201* | –0.054 | 0.124 |
| Vit A (μ gR.E) | 0.226* | –0.126 | 0.088 |
| Vit B1 (mg) | 0.184 | –0.066 | 0.067 |
| Vit B2 (mg) | 0.230* | –0.069 | 0.057 |
| Niacin (mg) | 0.069 | 0.011 | 0.056 |
| Folic acid (μ gDFE) | 0.103 | 0.076 | 0.095 |
| Vit C (mg) | 0.199* | 0.010 | 0.124 |
| Vit E (mg) | 0.199* | 0.076 | 0.144* |
| Ca (mg) | 0.211* | –0.056 | 0.116 |
| P (mg) | 0.272** | –0.035 | 0.163* |
| Fe (mg) | 0.347*** | –0.080 | 0.162* |
| Na (mg) | 0.250* | –0.119 | 0.135 |
| K (mg) | 0.247* | 0.030 | 0.169* |
| Zn (mg) | 0.250* | 0.017 | 0.155 |
Table 8
Nutrient density (ND) by gender and group according to coffee intake percentile
| Variables | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP group (n = 38)1) | MP group (n = 31) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 101) | LP group (n = 25) | MP group (n = 32) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 89) | |
| Protein (g/1,000 kcal) | 39.7 ± 0.82) | 43.6±3.7 | 39.4 ± 1.1 NS3) | 40.8 ± 1.2 | 37.4 ± 0.9 | 36.4 ± 0.9 | 36.9 ± 1.0 | 36.8 ± 0.6 |
| Vit A (μ gR.E/1,000 kcal) | 362.5 ± 17.5 | 348.3 ± 18.5 | 381.7 ± 31.4 | 364.2 ± 13.2 | 406.2 ± 29.9 | 403.7 ± 25.0 | 356.7 ± 23.2 | 387.5 ± 14.9 |
| Vit B1 (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.73 ± 0.02 | 0.70 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.71 ± 0.01 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.65 ± 0.03 | 0.68 ± 0.02 |
| Vit B2 (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.09 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.63 ± 0.03 |
| Niacin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 10.5 ± 1.9 | 8.6 ± 0.4 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 8.6 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 0.6 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 8.6 ± 0.3 |
| Folic acid (mg/1,000 kcal) | 110.7 ± 4.9 | 104.1 ± 5.0 | 104.9 ± 5.8 | 106.8 ± 3.0 | 108.9 ± 4.8 | 110.0 ± 5.2 | 108.3 ± 4.5 | 109.0 ± 2.8 |
| Vit C (mg/1,000 kcal) | 35.9 ± 1.6 | 33.3 ± 2.2 | 31.1 ± 2.0 | 33.6 ± 1.1 | 34.7 ± 2.3 | 31.9 ± 2.0 | 34.2 ± 2.4 | 33.5 ± 1.3 |
| Ca (mg/1,000 kcal) | 231.9 ± 7.5 | 233.2 ± 14.1 | 232.4 ± 12.4 | 232.4 ± 6.4 | 248.0 ± 14.4 | 247.0 ± 9.6 | 230.3 ± 9.2 | 241.3 ± 6.3 |
| P (mg/1,000 kcal) | 506.8 ± 9.4 | 538.7 ± 24.7 | 514.8 ± 13.2 | 519.1 ± 9.4 | 502.1 ± 15.8 | 481.1 ± 12.9 | 490.5 ± 12.3 | 490.4 ± 7.8 |
| Fe (mg/1,000 kcal) | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 6.7 ± 0.2 |
Table 9.
Nutrient Adequancy Ratio (NAR) by gender and percentile group according to coffee intake
| Variables | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP group (n = 38)1) | MP group (n = 31) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 101) | LP group (n = 25) | MP group (n = 32) | HP group (n = 32) | Total (n = 89) | |
| NAR | ||||||||
| Protein | 0.98 ± 0.012) | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 0.97 ± 0.01 NS3) | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 0.93 ± 0.01 |
| Vit A | 0.78 ± 0.03 | 0.73 ± 0.4 | 0.80 ± 0.04 | 0.77 ± 0.02 | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ± 0.03 | 0.74 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.02 |
| Vit B1 | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.02 |
| Vit B2 | 0.68 ± 0.03 | 0.65 ± 0.03 | 0.73 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.04 | 0.67 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.02 |
| Niacin | 0.90 ± 0.02 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 0.88 ± 0.03 | 0.87 ± 0.02 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.82 ± 0.02 |
| Vit C | 0.62 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.05 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.02 |
| Ca | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.60 ± 0.04 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.02 |
| P | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.03 | 0.92 ± 0.02 | 0.89 ± 0.03 | 0.91 ± 0.01 |
| Fe | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 0.92 ± 0.03 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.68 ± 0.04 | 0.71 ± 0.02 |
| MAR | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.78 ± 0.03 | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.81 ± 0.01 | 0.79 ± 0.03 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 0.73 ± 0.03 | 0.75 ± 0.02 |
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