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Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Genetic polymorphism in the regulatory regions of MCP-1 could affect MCP-1 expression. The purpose of the study was to explore the possible association of MCP-1 −2518 A/G genetic polymorphism and CVD risk factors in the elderly Korean population. Dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical factors were assessed in 168 subjects. The frequency of A/A, G/ A, and G/G genotypes was 14.2%, 45.8%, and 40.0%, respectively. The blood level of MCP-1 was significantly higher in subjects with A/A genotype. The MCP-1 level was significantly higher in A/A genotype with hypercholesterolemia than in other genotypes. Meat intake and percent energy from lipids were significantly positively correlated with the MCP-1 level, especially, stronger in A/A genotype. In the stepwise discriminant analysis, TNF-α level, meat intake, HDL-C were associated with MCP-1 in all subjects (model R2 = 24%). TNF-α level, sugar intake, cholesterol intake, and meat intake affected MCP-1 in A/A genotype (model R2 = 82%), but not in G/A or G/G. In conclusion, subjects pos-sessing A/A genotype exhibited higher levels of MCP-1 than other genotypes in Korean elders. Further, meat, sugar, and cholesterol intakes affected the MCP-1 level. Therefore, the decrement of meat, sugar, and cholesterol intakes helps to normalize the MCP-1 level and can decrease CVD risk in A/A genotype. (J Nutr Health 2013; 46(6): 511 – 520)
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Fig. 1.
The level of MCP-1 according to genotype in the subject with dyslipideamia and obese. ab: Different superscript letters indicate the comparison with significant differences according to MCP-1 genotypes within the same category by GLM test at p ＜ 0.05.
Fig. 2.
The plasma MCP-1 level according to intake of meat (A), sugar (B), % energy from carbohydrate (C), % energy from lipid (D) by genotype. ab: Different superscript letters indicate the comparison with significant differences according to MCP-1 genotypes within the same category by GLM test at p ＜ 0.05. *: Significant differences according to intake levels within the same genotypes by Student's t-test, p ＜ 0.05.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of subjects based on MCP-1 polymorphism
| All | A/A | G/A | G/G | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCP-1 genotype [ n, (%)] | 168 (100) | 24 (14.2) | 77 (45.8) | 67 (40.0) |
| Age | 73.41) ± 0.4 | 72.6 ± 1.3 | 73.5 ± 0.7 | 73.5 ± 0.7 |
| Anthropometric parameters | ||||
| Height (cm) | 149.8 ± 0.4 | 150.1 ± 1.1 | 149.6 ± 0.7 | 150.1 ± 0.7 |
| Weight (kg) | 56.3 ± 0.7 | 55.4 ± 1.5 | 57.3 ± 1.0 | 55.5 ± 1.2 |
| BMI (kg/m 2)2) | 24.9 ± 0.2 | 24.6 ± 0.6 | 25.5 ± 0.3 | 24.5 ± 0.4 |
| Waist (cm) | 81.7 ± 0.6 | 80.1 ± 1.5 | 82.6 ± 0.9 | 81.3 ± 1.1 |
| WHR 3) | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.84 ± 0.01 |
| TSF (mm)4) | 20.9 ± 0.4 | 20.9 ± 1.2 | 21.1 ± 0.7 | 20.7 ± 0.7 |
| Body fat (%) | 32.1 ± 0.4 | 31.6 ± 1.2 | 32.7 ± 0.6 | 31.6 ± 0.7 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 37.9 ± 0.3 | 37.6 ± 0.9 | 38.3 ± 0.6 | 37.5 ± 0.6 |
| Hematological variables | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 109.8 ± 3.5 | 99.2 ± 4.5 | 115.2 ± 5.9 | 107.3 ± 5.4 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199.7 ± 2.7 | 208.1 ± 6.7 | 200.6 ± 4.4 | 195.4 ± 4.0 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 124.7 ± 2.7 | 133.9 ± 7.2 | 126.9 ± 4.5 | 118.7 ± 3.6 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.3 ± 0.9 | 48.1 ± 2.3 | 49.8 ± 1.5 | 49.1 ± 1.5 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 128.2 ± 4.0 | 130.9 ± 10.7 | 118.7 ± 5.0 | 138.7 ± 7.8 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| SBP (mmHg)5) | 144.8 ± 1.6 | 140.4 ± 4.6 | 145.6 ± 2.2 | 145.0 ± 2.6 |
| DBP (mmHg)6) | 82.1 ± 0.9 | 81.0 ± 3.8 | 83.7 ± 1.3 | 80.8 ± 1.3 |
Table 2.
Daily food intakes by food groups based on MCP-1 polymorphism
| Food group (g) | All (n = 168) | A/A (n = 24) | G/A (n = 77) | G/G (n = 67) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meats | 51.6 ± 5.71) | 41.3 ± 12.1 | 56.6 ± 8.30 | 49.7 ± 9.90 |
| Fishes | 36.5 ± 5.10 | 36.9 ± 14.5 | 48.5 ± 9.40 | 22.5 ± 4.30 |
| Eggs | 13.7 ± 2.00 | 15.3 ± 4.40 | 9.49 ± 2.20 | 17.9 ± 4.20 |
| Milk products | 102.1 ± 11.40 | 109.9 ± 32.60 | 103.7 ± 17.70 | 97.6 ± 16.7 |
| Animal total | 203.9 ± 14.60 | 203.4 ± 42.30 | 218.3 ± 21.80 | 187.7 ± 22.30 |
| Cereals | 246.1 ± 7.800 | 259.6 ± 23.70 | 229.1 ± 10.60 | 260.8 ± 12.80 |
| Potatoes | 33.7 ± 6.20 | 24.9 ± 10.0 | 28.5 ± 6.70 | 42.9 ± 13.2 |
| Vegetables | 258.9 ± 14.80 | 237.3 ± 35.60 | 293.8 ± 26.80 | 226.7 ± 16.20 |
| Fruits | 152.7 ± 18.50 | 162.6 ± 51.90 | 138.6 ± 30.10 | 165.3 ± 24.90 |
| Seaweeds | 3.51 ± 0.65 | 3.42 ± 1.47 | 3.09 ± 0.91 | 4.03 ± 1.14 |
| Mushrooms | 0.98 ± 0.32 | 1.40 ± 1.24 | 0.74 ± 0.47 | 1.11 ± 0.40 |
| Legume | 41.7 ± 4.40 | 47.1 ± 17.1 | 38.5 ± 5.70 | 43.3 ± 6.50 |
| Nuts | 6.27 ± 2.31 | 1.36 ± 1.24 | 9.39 ± 4.74 | 4.46 ± 1.88 |
| Sugar | 5.35 ± 0.81 | 8.23 ± 2.19 | 3.68 ± 0.62 | 6.23 ± 1.73 |
| Vegetable oil | 4.86 ± 0.45 | 4.82 ± 1.33 | 4.66 ± 0.54 | 5.11 ± 0.84 |
| Plant total | 754.1 ± 27.70 | 750.6 ± 85.40 | 750.1 ± 42.90 | 759.9 ± 38.80 |
| Others | 55.4 ± 5.20 | 58.8 ± 12.1 | 60.7 ± 8.50 | 48.1 ± 7.50 |
| Total | 1,013.5 ± 33.600, | 1,013.0 ± 99.900, | 1,029.1 ± 53.000, | 995.8 ± 46.80 |
Table 3.
Daily nutrient intakes based on MCP-1 polymorphism
| Nutrient | All (n = 168) | A/A (n = 24) | G/A (n = 77) | G/G (n = 67) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 1,421.5 ± 36.51) | 1,417.6 ± 97.600, | 1376.4 ± 51.500 | 1474.8 ± 60.700 |
| (88.8 ± 2.1)0 | (88.6 ± 5.9)0 | (86.0 ± 2.9)0 | (92.1 ± 3.2)0 | |
| Protein (g) | 56.2 ± 1.90 | 53.5 ± 4.90 | 57.3 ± 2.90 | 55.9 ± 2.60 |
| (160.6 ± 5.6)00 | (152.7 ± 14.2)0 | (163.7 ± 8.4)00 | (159.8 ± 9.1)00 | |
| Fat (g) | 30.3 ± 1.51 | 28.6 ± 3.40 | 30.4 ± 2.20 | 30.8 ± 2.60 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 231.2 ± 6.000 | 233.5 ± 17.10 | 218.6 ± 8.700 | 244.7 ± 9.400 |
| Fiber (g) | 5.79 ± 0.21 | 5.67 ± 0.54 | 5.89 ± 0.34 | 5.72 ± 0.27 |
| Ca (mg) | 473.1 ± 19.50 | 473.8 ± 67.10 | 491.1 ± 25.80 | 452.0 ± 30.90 |
| (83.0 ± 3.5)0 | (83.1 ± 10.8) | (86.1 ± 4.3)0 | (79.3 ± 5.1)0 | |
| P (mg) | 831.4 ± 26.90 | 835.9 ± 80.10 | 835.4 ± 39.30 | 825.2 ± 41.90 |
| (143.3 ± 4.6)00 | (144.1 ± 13.8)0 | (144.0 ± 6.7)00 | (142.3 ± 7.2)00 | |
| Fe (mg) | 11.1 ± 0.30 | 10.7 ± 0.90 | 11.1 ± 0.50 | 11.3 ± 0.50 |
| (191.4 ± 4.3)00 | (184.4 ± 11.9)0 | (191.4 ± 6.8)00 | (194.8 ± 7.0)00 | |
| Zn (mg) | 7.34 ± 0.27 | 7.51 ± 0.65 | 6.90 ± 0.26 | 7.78 ± 0.57 |
| (123.6 ± 4.6)00 | (125.9 ± 10.8)0 | (115.9 ± 4.4)00 | (131.4 ± 9.8)00 | |
| Vitamin A (μ g RE) | 539.5 ± 35.40 | 500.4 ± 81.10 | 603.3 ± 58.60 | 480.3 ± 49.40 |
| (131.6 ± 8.2)00 | (122.1 ± 18.7)0 | (147.2 ± 13.4)0 | (117.2 ± 11.5)0 | |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 0.76 ± 0.06 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 0.90 ± 0.05 |
| (96.7 ± 3.5)0 | (84.4 ± 6.9)0 | (96.7 ± 4.7)0 | (100.0 ± 6.6)00 | |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 0.79 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.05 |
| (79.1 ± 3.0)0 | (69.3 ± 7.4)0 | (81.6 ± 4.3)0 | (79.8 ± 5.1)0 | |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 84.9 ± 3.60 | 82.2 ± 12.6 | 85.5 ± 7.40 | 85.3 ± 6.40 |
| (113.3 ± 6.1)00 | (109.7 ± 16.8)0 | (113.9 ± 9.9)00 | (113.8 ± 8.6)00 | |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 7.61 ± 0.44 | 7.53 ± 1.50 | 7.48 ± 0.50 | 7.89 ± 0.80 |
| Folic acid (mg) | 231.7 ± 8.900 | 223.9 ± 24.00 | 224.4 ± 13.60 | 243.0 ± 13.60 |
| (72.4 ± 2.7)0 | (69.9 ± 7.5)0 | (70.1 ± 4.3)0 | (75.9 ± 4.3)0 | |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 169.5 ± 1.100 | 180.1 ± 30.80 | 165.0 ± 15.20 | 170.7 ± 22.20 |
| Energy distribution | ||||
| % carbohydrate | 66.0 ± 0.80 | 65.9 ± 2.10 | 64.3 ± 1.20 | 67.6 ± 1.30 |
| % protein | 15.6 ± 0.30 | ,14.8 ± 0.6 a2) | 16.5 ± 0.4 b | .14.9 ± 0.4 ab |
| % fat | 18.4 ± 0.70 | 18.1 ± 1.50 | 19.2 ± 1.00 | 17.6 ± 1.10 |
Table 4.
Immune variables based on MCP-1 polymorphism
| All (n = 168) | A/A (n = 24) | G/A (n = 77) | G/G (n = 67) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 169.9 ± 8.91) | 177.7 ± 19.4 a2) | 143.7 ± 9.52 b | 151.3 ± 11.7 b |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 19.1 ± 0.3 | 19.2 ± 1.5 | 18.5 ± 0.5 | 19.5 ± 0.4 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.27 ± 0.35 | 5.04 ± 2.23 | 3.11 ± 0.22 | 2.77 ± 0.24 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 9.51 ± 0.18 | 9.71 ± 0.42 | 9.35 ± 0.25 | 9.62 ± 0.30 |
| Complement 3 (g/L) | 0.76 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 0.75 ± 0.01 | 0.77 ± 0.02 |
Table 5.
Pearson's correlation coefficients between food intakes and plasma MCP-1 level
| All (n = 168) | A/A (n = 24) | G/A (n = 77) | G/G (n = 67) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cereal | –0.136121) | –0.41217**2) | –0.12857 | –0.09008 |
| Potato | –0.07582 | –0.13981 | –0.18521 | 0.10134 |
| Sugar | –0.02572 | –0.02783 | –0.13544 | –0.15419 |
| Nut | –0.01008 | –0.00663 | –0.12863 | –0.12387 |
| Vegetable | –0.07588 | –0.00886 | –0.14774 | 0.02885 |
| Fruit | –0.05231 | –0.12482 | –0.01817 | 0.09357 |
| Meat | –0.17872** | –0.59388** | –0.14200 | 0.12988 |
| Fish | –0.12341 | –0.02694 | –0.27373** | 0.02048 |
| Seafood | –0.08521 | –0.05932 | –0.09108 | –0.05562 |
| Animal food | –0.04015 | –0.23874 | –0.07993 | 0.08818 |
| Plant food | –0.08087 | –0.02631 | –0.13091 | 0.12107 |
| Total food intake | –0.14571 | –0.16870 | –0.10703 | 0.18246 |
| Cholesterol | –0.04129 | –0.16617 | –0.02519 | 0.07313 |
| % CHO | –0.13949** | –0.42885** | –0.12580 | –0.09861 |
| % protein | –0.02698 | –0.28628 | –0.16616 | 0.13462 |
| % lipid | –0.17821** | –0.54005** | –0.17330 | 0.09218 |
Table 6.
The result of discriminant analysis for factors related the MCP-1 level
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