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Kim: A survey on daily physical activity level, energy expenditure and dietary energy intake by university students in Chungnam Province in Korea
Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2013; 46(4): 346-356.

Published online: 31 August 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2013.46.4.346

A survey on daily physical activity level, energy expenditure and dietary energy intake by university students in Chungnam Province in Korea

Sun Hyo Kim

Department of Technology and Home Economics Education, Kongju National University, Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do 314-701, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (shkim@kongju.ac.kr)

Received 15 July 2013       Revised 4 August 2013       Accepted 19 August 2013

© 2013 The Korean Nutrition Society

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

This study investigated the daily physical activity level, energy expenditure, energy balance, and body composition and their relationship with university students. The participants were 130 male students (19.5 ± 0.5 yrs) and 139 female students (19.5 ± 0.3 yrs) at a university in Chungnam province. Physical activity level was evaluated by an equation based on 24 hr-activity record and dietary nutrient intake was evaluated using the food record method during a three-day period consisting of two week days and one weekend. Body composition was measured using Inbody 430 (Biospace Co., Cheonan, Korea). As a result, mean body mass index (BMI) of subjects indicated that they had normal weight, however mean body fat ratio was 19.1 ± 5.4% for males and 28.4 ± 5.0% for females, indicating that they had higher than normal weight. Daily mean physical activity level was 1.55 for males and 1.47 for females, which was regarded as 'low active', respectively. Females had more light activity than males (p < 0.01). Daily mean energy expenditure was 2,803.5 ± 788.9 kcal/d for males and 1,915.4 ± 510.2 kcal/d for females (p < 0.001). Daily mean dietary energy intake was 2,327.0 ± 562.5 kcal/d for males and 1,802.1 ± 523.6/d for females (p < 0.001), and daily mean energy balance was -476.5 ± 955.9 kcal/d for males and -113.3 ± 728.1 kcal/d for females (p < 0.01). Daily mean dietary intake of protein, vitamins, and minerals, except Ca, satisfied recommended nutrient intake. Daily energy expenditure was positively related to body weight (p < 0.01), BMI (p < 0.01), and fat free mass ratio (p < 0.05), but was negatively related to body fat ratio (p < 0.01). In conclusion, subjects had a negative energy balance and low physical activity. They had a normal weight by BMI but had a more fat than normal weight by body fat ratio. This appears to be related to their low physical activity. Thus, nutrition education should be provided for university students in order to increase their physical activity for maintenance of normal weight by body composition and health promotion.

Keywords: physical activity level, energy expenditure, energy intake, energy balance, body composition

Figures and Tables

Table 1
Estimation of daily energy expenditure of subjects1)
jnh-46-346-i001

1) Referred to reference 20 2) BMR factor = (BMR + TEA)/BMR

Table 2
General characteristics of subjects
jnh-46-346-i002

1) Mean ± SD 2) Number of subjects 3) Percentage of subtotal subjects of same column 4) Percentage of total subjects

Table 3
Height, body weight and body composition of subjects
jnh-46-346-i003

1) Normal weight of subject (kg)-Current weight of subject (kg), it was calculated by Inbody 430 (Biospace Co., Cheonan, Korea) 2) BMI < 18.5: Under weight, 18.5-22.9: Normal weight, ≥ 23.0: Overweight16) 3) Number of subjects 4) Percentage of subtotal subjects of same column 5) Percentage of total subjects

Significant difference between males and females at *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001 by the t-test or the χ2-test

NS: Not significant between males and females at α = 0.05 by the t-test

Table 4
Physical activity examples, expending times and physical activity levels by 16 activities of subjects
jnh-46-346-i004

BMR: basal metabolic rate

1) Categorized by reference Kim et al.20) 2) BMR factor = (Basal metabolic rate + thermic effects of activity)/Basal metabolic rate20) 3) Mean ± SD 4) Physical activity level = ∑Time ratio of each physical activity of 1,440 min. × BMR factor of each physical activity

Significant difference between males and females of physical activity level at *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01 by the t-test

NS: Not significant between males and females of physical activity level at α = 0.05 by the t-test

Table 5
Expending time on physical activities of various intensity of subjects1)
jnh-46-346-i005

1) From Table 4 2) Mean ± SD

Significant difference between males and females of percentile of expending time at **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001 by the t-test

NS: Not significant between males and females of percentile of expending time at α = 0.05 by the t-test

Table 6
Predicted daily energy expenditure, energy intake and energy balance of subjects
jnh-46-346-i006

1) Basal metabolic rate (kcal/d): Males, [Body weight of subject (kg) × 1 kcal/kg/hr × 24 hr], Females, [Body weight of subject (kg) × 0.9 kcal/kg/hr × 24 hr]20) 2) Mean ± SD 3) Sum of basal metabolic rate and thermic effect of activity (kcal/d) = [Basal metabolic rate of subject (kcal/d) × Physical activity level of subject] 4) Thermic effect of food (kcal/d): 10% of sum of basal metabolic rate and thermic effect of activity (kcal/d)

Significant difference between males and females at **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001 by the t-test

NS: Not significant between males and females at α = 0.05 by the t-test

Table 7
Daily mean nutrient intake and percent of KDRI of subjects
jnh-46-346-i007

1) KDRI (Dietary reference intakes for Koreans) for 19-29 years of males of females5) 2) Mean ± SD 3) Percentage of KDRI

Significant difference between males and females at *: p < 0.05, ***: p < 0.001 by the t-test

NS: Not significant between males and females at α = 0.05 by the t-test

Table 8
Correlation coefficient among daily energy expenditure, energy balance and body composition of subjects
jnh-46-346-i008

Significant difference between variables at *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01 by the Pearson's correlation coefficient

NS: Not significant between variables by Pearson's correlation coefficient

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