Macromineral intake in non-alcoholic beverages for children and adolescents: Using the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV, 2007-2009)

Sung Dan Kim; Hyun-Kyung Moon; Ju Sung Park; Yong Chul Lee; Gi Young Shin; Han Bin Jo; Bog Soon Kim; Jung Hun Kim; Young Zoo Chae

doi:10.4163/kjn.2013.46.1.50

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Kim, Moon, Park, Lee, Shin, Jo, Kim, Kim, and Chae: Macromineral intake in non-alcoholic beverages for children and adolescents: Using the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV, 2007-2009)

Research Article

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2013; 46(1): 50-60.

Published online: 28 February 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2013.46.1.50

Macromineral intake in non-alcoholic beverages for children and adolescents: Using the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV, 2007-2009)

Sung Dan Kim¹, Hyun-Kyung Moon², Ju Sung Park¹, Yong Chul Lee¹, Gi Young Shin¹, Han Bin Jo¹, Bog Soon Kim¹, Jung Hun Kim¹, Young Zoo Chae¹

¹Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Gwacheon 427-070, Korea.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (moonhk52@dankook.ac.kr)

Received 6 October 2012 Revised 11 November 2012 Accepted 22 January 2013

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The aims of this study were to estimate daily intake of macrominerals from beverages, liquid teas, and liquid coffees and to evaluate their potential health risks for Korean children and adolescents (1-to 19 years old). Assessment of dietary intake was conducted using the actual level of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium in non-alcoholic beverages and (207 beverages, 19 liquid teas, and 24 liquid coffees) the food consumption amount drawn from "The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2009)". To estimate the dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario I) were compared with 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects among them (Scenario II). Calculation of the estimated daily intake of macrominerals was based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. The values of probabilistic macromineral intake, which is a Monte-Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables, were presented using the probabilistic model. The level of safety for macrominerals was evaluated by comparison with population nutrient intake goal (Goal, 2.0 g/day) for sodium, tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium (2,500 mg/day) and phosphorus (3,000-3,500 mg/day) set by the Korean Nutrition Society (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, KDRI). For total children and adolescents (Scenario I), mean daily intake of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation was, respectively, 7.93, 10.92, 6.73, 23.41, and 1.11, and 95th percentile daily intake of those was, respectively, 28.02, 44.86, 27.43, 98.14, and 3.87 mg/day. For consumers-only (Scenario II), mean daily intake of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation was, respectively, 19.10, 25.77, 15.83, 56.56, and 2.86 mg/day, and 95th percentile daily intake of those was, respectively, 62.67, 101.95, 62.09, 227.92, and 8.67 mg/day. For Scenarios I·II, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus did not have a mean an 95th percentile intake that met or exceeded the 5% of Goal and UL.

Keywords: macrominerals, estimated daily intake, non-alcoholic beverage, probabilistic estimates

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Probabilistic distribution of macrominerals intakes from non-alcoholic beverage.

Table 1

Body weight by age and gender for Koreans, KNHANE 2007-2009

1) SE: Standard error 2) Means with superscripts (a > b) within a row are significantly from each other at α = 0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test

Table 2

Non-alcoholic beverage intake by age for Koreans, KNHANE 2007-2009

1) Food class of Food Code for each food product 2) Food species of Food Code for each food product 3) SE: Standard error 4) Means with superscripts (a > b) within a row are significantly from each other at α = 0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test

Table 3

Adverse effects of excessive consumption and toxicological endpoint of macrominerals

1) Goal-The Korean Nutrition Society (KNS) 2) Tolerable Upper Intake Level-The Korean Nutrition Society (KNS) 3) WHO (World Health Organization) Technical Report Series (TRS) 916 4) Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (2010)

Table 4

Probability density functions fitted by Crystal Ball®fitting program using the data of nutrients and food additives content in non-alcoholic beverages

Table 5

Probability density functions fitted by Crystal Ball®fitting program using the non-alcoholic beverage intake data for total children and adolescents and consumers-only

Table 6

Point and probabilistic estimated daily intake (EDI) for total children and adolescents

Table 7

Point and probabilistic estimated daily intake (EDI) for consumers-only

Table 8

Point and probabilistic estimates for total children and adolescents (scenario I)

Table 9

Point and probabilistic estimates for consumers-only (scenario II)

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