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Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for an adult population for use in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The 24-hour recall data for 2,939 subjects aged 19 years and over from the fourth KNHANES first year (2007) were used to extract the items included in the questionnaire. The FFQ items were developed by selection of major dishes based on the cumulative contribution rate, between-person variability based on the cumulative R2 of energy and 14 nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorous, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C) and the number of consumers of each dish. In addition, the FFQ items were revised with analysis of 24-hour recall data of the fourth KNHANES second and third year (2008, 2009). Finally, 112 items were included in the FFQ and grouped as follows: rice (5 items), noodles and dumplings (6), breads and rice cakes (8), soups and stews (12), soybeans, eggs, meat and fish (23), vegetables, seaweed and potatoes (27), milk and dairy products (4), fruits (13), beverages (5), snacks (6) and alcoholic beverages (3). The food items of FFQ accounted for an average of 87.0% of energy and 14 nutrient intakes and also accounted for 81.7% of the between-person variability. The frequency range of the FFQ items was classified into nine categories (never or seldom, once per month, 2-3 times per month, once per week, 2-4 times per week, 5-6 times per week, once per day, twice per day and three times per day) and the portion size was divided into three categories (small, medium and large). We expect that this developed dish-based FFQ could be used in assessment of longterm dietary intakes of Korean adults.
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Table 1.
Age distribution and nutrient intakes of subjects in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
| 2007 KNHANES 1) | 2008-2009 KNHANES 2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 2,939) | Men (n = 1,198) | Women (n = 1,741) | Total (n = 10,168) | Men (n = 4,155) | Women (n = 6,013) | ||
| Age (years) | 49.8 (16.7) 3) | 49.9 (16.3) | 49.7 (17.0) | 42.6 (12.1) | 43.0 (12.3) | 42.3 (12.0) | |
| Distribution by age (%) | |||||||
| 19-29 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 16.8 | 16.9 | 16.8 | |
| 30-49 | 41.0 | 40.9 | 41.1 | 51.0 | 49.1 | 52.2 | |
| 50-64 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 23.4 | 32.2 | 34.0 | 31.0 | |
| 65 + | 24.2 | 24.3 | 24.1 | - | |||
| Nutrient intakes (per day) | |||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1782.2 | (756.7) | 2143.8 (825.5) | 1533.4 (588.4) | 1922.1 (828.9) | 2313.4 (912.1) | 1651.7 (638.9) |
| Protein (g) | 63.1 | (35.0) | 77.6 (40.1) | 53.1 (26.8) | 68.9 (35.9) | 83.5 (40.9) | 58.8 (27.9) |
| Fat (g) | 32.0 | (26.8) | 39.6 (31.2) | 26.7 (21.8) | 38.4 (29.5) | 47.5 (35.1) | 32.1 (22.8) |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 298.4 | (116.0) | 339.0 (117.9) | 270.5 (106.0) | 310.3 (124.1) | 351.6 (127.4) | 281.8 (113.3) |
| Crude fiber (g) | 6.9 | (4.1) | 7.9 (4.3) | 6.2 (3.8) | 7.7 (5.6) | 8.4 (5.3) | 7.2 (5.7) |
| Calcium (mg) | 460.9 | (379.9) | 541.4 (466.2) | 405.5 (294.2) | 497.7 (317.3) | 566.1 (342.4) | 450.4 (289.6) |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1067.0 | (516.3) | 1277.6 (581.0) | 922.1 (407.8) | 1157.5 (513.5) | 1360.7 (554.9) | 1017.2 (430.0) |
| Iron (mg) | 13.9 | (11.0) | 16.5 (12.5) | 12.0 (9.4) | 14.4 (10.2) | 16.5 (11.0) | 13.0 (9.2) |
| Sodium (mg) | 4520.6 | (2725.3) | 5506.4 (2951.4) | 3842.2 (2327.8) | 5022.1 (3184.2) | 6118.0 (3376.9) | 4264.9 (2804.3) |
| Potassium (mg) | 2779.5 | (1435.5) | 3223.1 (1532.8) | 2474.3 (1278.5) | 3077.1 (1551.8) | 3477.8 (1605.7) | 2800.2 (1450.3) |
| Vitamin A (µgRE) | 770.8 | (1066.9) | 894.3 (1333.8) | 685.8 (824.8) | 833.9 (903.0) | 933.5 (1011.8) | 765.1 (812.4) |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.2 | (0.7) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.6) | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.6) |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.0 | (0.6) | 1.2 (0.7) | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.6) |
| Niacin (mg) | 14.5 | (8.4) | 17.9 (9.7) | 12.3 (6.5) | 16.1 (9.0) | 19.6 (10.4) | 13.7 (6.9) |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 95.0 | (83.6) | 101.2 (81.1) | 90.8 (85.0) | 110.2 (99.5) | 114.7 (95.2) | 107.2 (102.3) |
Table 2.
Number of selected dishes for composing of food frequency questionnaire
| 2007 KNHANES 1) | 2008-2009 KNHANES 2) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cumulative contribution rate 3) | Cumulative R2 4) | Cumulative contribution rate | Cumulative R2 | |
| Energy | 208 | 147 | 252 | 183 |
| Carbohydrate | 141 | 100 | 177 | 131 |
| Protein | 274 | 174 | 317 | 237 |
| Fat | 277 | 100 | 308 | 129 |
| Crude fiber | 204 | 085 | 247 | 077 |
| Calcium | 271 | 107 | 313 | 145 |
| Phosphorous | 261 | 191 | 301 | 250 |
| Iron | 295 | 096 | 343 | 148 |
| Sodium | 236 | 115 | 274 | 129 |
| Potassium | 249 | 159 | 288 | 191 |
| Vitamin A | 208 | 024 | 238 | 045 |
| Thiamin | 235 | 086 | 273 | 127 |
| Riboflavin | 273 | 135 | 306 | 169 |
| Niacin | 257 | 142 | 294 | 182 |
| Vitamin C | 189 | 052 | 210 | 048 |
| Total | 457 | 423 | 515 | 492 |
| Extracted dishes 5) | 524 | 529 | ||
| Final selected dishes6) | 198 | 231 | ||
1) The 24-hour recall data of 2,939 subjects aged 19 years and over from the 4th KNHANES 1st year (2007)
2) The 24-hour recall data of 10,168 subjects aged 19-64 years from the 4th KNHANES 2nd and 3rd year (2008, 2009)
3) The number of dishes accounting for 90% of the cumulative contribution rate of energy and 14 nutrient intakes
4) The number of dishes explaining over 90% of between-person variability based on the cumulative R2 for energy and 14 nutrient intakes
Table 3.
List of food items and 1 unit of food frequency questionnaire
Table 4.
Cumulative contribution rate and between person variability based cumulative R2 of energy and 14 nutrient intakes by food items of food frequency questionnaire 1)
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