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Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation reduces epidermal hydration, which is paralleled by the reduction of natural moisturizing factors (NMFs). Of various NMFs, free amino acids (AAs) are major constituents generated by filaggrin degradation. In this study, we attempted to determine whether dietary supplementation of royal jelly (RJ) in UV-irradiated mice can alters epidermal levels of hydration, filaggrins, and free AAs as well as of peptidylarginine deiminase-3 (PAD3), an enzyme involved in filaggrin degradation processes. Albino hairless mice were fed either a control diet (group UV+: UV irradiated control) or diets with 1% RJ harvested from different areas in Korea (groups RJ1, RJ2, and RJ3) or imported from China (group RJ4) for six weeks in parallel with UV irradiation. A normal control group (group UV-) was fed a control diet without UV irradiation for six weeks. Reduced epidermal levels of hydration, total filaggrins, and PAD3 were observed in group UV+; in group RJ1, these levels were increased to a level similar to that of group UV-. In addition, profilaggrins, two repeat intermediates (2RI), a precursor with two filaggrin repeats, and filaggrin were increased. Although no alteration of AAs was observed in any of the groups, and glutamate and serine, major AAs of NMF in group RJ1 were higher than in group UV+. Despite the increased levels of PAD3, epidermal levels of hydration, filaggrins, glutamate, and serine in groups RJ2, RJ3, and RJ4 were similar to those in group UV+. Dietary supplementation of RJ1 improves epidermal hydration in parallel with enhanced expression and degradation of filaggrin, but not by increased protein expression of PAD3, along with increased generation of glutamate and serine.
Figures and Tables
 | Fig. 1Altered epidermal hydration in the groups. Hairless mice fed a control diet without UV irradiation for 6 weeks (group UV-); UV-irradiated hairless mice fed a control diet (group UV+) or diets supplemented with 1.0% royal jelly harvested from different areas in Korea or from China (group RJ4) in parallel with UV irradiation for 6 weeks. Values are mean ± SEM (0-1 wk; n = 10 in gro-ups UV-, UV+, RJ1, RJ3 and RJ4, n = 9 in group RJ2; 3-6 wk; n = 10 in groups UV-, UV+, RJ1, n = 9 in groups RJ2, RJ3, RJ4). Values without a common letter in each week are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
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 | Fig. 2Altered protein levels of profilaggrin, degradative intermediate and filaggrin in the epidermis of groups. Hairless mice fed a control diet without UV irradiation for 6 weeks (group UV-); UV-irradiated hairless mice fed a control diet (group UV+) or diets supplemented with 1.0% royal jelly harvested from different areas in Korea or from China (group RJ4) in parallel with UV irradiation for 6 weeks. A: Representative expression of profilaggrin, three-repeated intermediate (3RI), two-repeated intermediate (2RI) and filaggrin proteins in the epidermis of groups. B: The signal intensities from multiple experiments of A were quantified and the integrated areas were normalized to the corresponding value of keratin-5 (loading control). Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6). Values without a common letter in profilaggrin, 3RI, 2RI, filaggrin and total filaggrins are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
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 | Fig. 3Altered protein levels of peptidylarginine deiminase-3 (PAD3) in the epidermis of groups. Hairless mice fed a control diet without UV irradiation for 6 weeks (group UV-); UV-irradiated hairless mice fed a control diet (group UV+) or diets supplemented with 1.0% royal jelly harvested from different areas in Korea or from China (group RJ4) in parallel with UV irradiation for 6 weeks. A: Representative expressions of PAD3 in the epidermis of groups. B: The signal intensities from multiple experiments of A were quantified and the integrated areas were normalized to the corresponding value of keratin-5 (loading control). Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values without a common letter are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
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 | Fig. 4Comparison of glutamate and serine contents in the epidermis of groups. Hairless mice fed a control diet without UV irradiation for 6 weeks (group UV-); UV-irradiated hairless mice fed a control diet (group UV+) or diets supplemented with 1.0% royal jelly harvested from different areas in Korea or from China (group RJ4) in parallel with UV irradiation for 6 weeks. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6). Values without a common letter in glutamate and serine are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
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Table 1
Diet composition of experimental groups (g/kg)
1) Groups UV- and UV+, hairless mice fed a control diet without (group UV-) or with (group UV+) UV irradiation for 6 weeks; Groups RJ1, RJ2, RJ3 and RJ4, hairless mice fed diets containing 1.0% Royal Jelly (RJ) harvested from different areas in Korea or from China (group RJ4) in parallel with UV irradiation for 6 weeks 2) AIN-93 Vitamin Mix #310025 (Dyets Inc., Bethlehem, PA): niacin, 3 g = kg; calcium pantothenate, 1.6 g = kg; pyridoxine HCl, 0.06 g = kg; thiamine HCl, 0.6 g = kg; riboflavin, 0.6 g = kg; folic acid, 0.2 g = kg; biotin, 0.2 g = kg; vitamin E acetate (500 IU = g), 15 g = kg; vitamin B12 (0.1%), 2.5 g = kg; vitamin A palmitate (500,000 IU = g), 0.8 g = kg; vitamin D3 (400,000 IU = g), 0.25 g = kg; vitamin K1=dextrose mix (10 mg = g), 7.5 g = kg; sucrose, 967.23 g = kg 3) AIN-93 G salt mix #210025 (Dyets Inc.): calcium carbonate, 357 g = kg; potassium phosphate (monobasic), 196 g = kg; potassium citrate H2O, 70.78 g = kg; sodium RJ3loride, 74 g = kg; potassium sulfate, 46.6 g = kg; magnesium oxide, 24 g = kg; ferric citrate USP, 6.06 g = kg; zinc carbonate, 1.65 g = kg; manganous carbonate, 0.63 g = kg; cupric carbonate, 0.3 g = kg; potassium iodate, 0.01 g = kg; sodium selenate, 0.01025 g = kg; ammonium paramolybdate 4H2O, 0.00795 g = kg; sodium metasilicate, 9H2O, 1.45 g = kg; RJ3romium potassium sulfate 12H2O, 0.275 g = kg; lithium RJ3loride, 0.0714 g = kg; boric acid, 0.0815 g = kg; sodium fluoride, 0.0635 g = kg; nickel carbonate, 0.0318 g = kg; ammonium vanadate, 0.066 g = kg; sucrose (finely powdered), 221.026 g = kg 4) Casein (nitrogen × 6.25), 870 g = kg
Table 2
Body weight change, food intake and FER
1) Groups UV- and UV+, hairless mice fed a control diet without (group UV-) or with (group UV+) UV irradiation for 6 weeks; Groups RJ1, RJ2, RJ3 and RJ4, hairless mice fed diets containing 1.0% Royal Jelly (RJ) harvested from different areas in Korea or from China (group RJ4) in parallel with UV irradiation for 6 weeks 2) FER: food efficiency ratio: [weight gain (g)/week]/[food intake (g)/week] 3) All values are mean ± SEM (1 wk: n = 10 in group UV-, UV+, RJ1, RJ3, RJ4, n = 9 in group RJ2; 2 wk: n = 10 in groups UV-, UV+, RJ1, RJ3, n = 9 in groups RJ2, RJ4; 3-6 wk: n = 10 in groups UV-, UV+, RJ1, n = 9 in groups RJ2, RJ3, RJ4). Values without a common letter are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test
Table 3
Free amino acid contents in the epidermis of hairless mice1)
1) Data are Mean ± SEM (n = 6). Values without a common letter in the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test 2) Groups UV- and UV+, hairless mice fed a control diet without (group UV-) or with (group UV+) UV irradiation for 6 weeks; Group RJ1, RJ2, RJ3 and RJ4, hairless mice fed diets containing 1.0% Royal Jelly (RJ) harvested from different areas in Korea or from China (group RJ4) in parallel with UV irradiation for 6 weeks 3) EAA: Essential Amino Acid, NEAA: Non Essential Amino Acid 4) nd: Not detected
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