Physical activity level, total daily energy expenditure, and estimated energy expenditure in normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents

Myung Hee Kim; Eun Kyung Kim

doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.6.511

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Kim and Kim: Physical activity level, total daily energy expenditure, and estimated energy expenditure in normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents

Research Article

Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2012; 45(6): 511-521.

Published online: 31 December 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2012.45.6.511

Physical activity level, total daily energy expenditure, and estimated energy expenditure in normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents

Myung Hee Kim, Eun Kyung Kim

Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-742, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (ekkim@gwnu.ac.kr)

Received 3 September 2012 Revised 6 October 2012 Accepted 22 October 2012

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The purposes of this study were to assess the physical activity level (PAL) and the total daily energy expenditure (TEE) as well as to evaluate the validity of prediction equation for the estimated energy requirement (EER) in normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents. The subjects comprised of 100 healthy Korean students aged between 7-18. The anthropometric data was collected. PAL was calculated from the physical activity diary by the 24-hour recall method, and the resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by an open-circuit indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system. Daily energy expenditure was PAL multiplied by RMR. EER was calculated by using the prediction equation published in KDRIs. There was no significant difference in the means of age and height between the 46 obese subjects and 54 nonobese subjects. The weight and BMI of the obese group (60.2 kg, 25.3 kg/m²) were significantly higher than those of the nonobese group (42.4 kg, 18.4 kg/m²). However, PAL was not significantly different between the two groups (nonobese 1.45, obese 1.46). TEE of the obese group (2,212 kcal/day) was significantly higher than that of the nonobese group (1,774 kcal/day). EER (individual PA) and EER (light PA) were significantly higher than TEE (p < 0,001); however, EER (sedentary PA) was not significantly different with TEE in the two groups. These results showed that the levels of physical activity were the same as the sedentary activity both in the nonobese and obese Korean students; moreover, the predictive equation for EER published in KDRI overestimated the TEE of Korean children and adolescents. Therefore, in further research, a new predictive equation for EER should be developed for Korean children and adolescents through the doubly labeled water method.

Keywords: physical activity level, total energy expenditure, estimated energy requirement, children and adolescents, obesity

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Bland-Altman plots for estimated energy requirement (EER) and measured total daily energy expenditure (TEE) in normal weight (○) and overweight or obese (●) children and adolescents.

Table 1

Physical activity categories according to the level of intensity

1) Physical activity ratio expressed as multiples of basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Table 2

Distribution of the subjects

1) n (%)

Table 3

Anthropometric measurements of the subjects

1) Mean ± SD (Range) 2) Measured by Inbody 720

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 significantly different between normal weight group and overweight or obese group by independent t-test

Table 4

The time spent on each activity by the physical activity categories [Unit: min (%)]

1) Mean ± SD (%)

^*: p < 0.05 significantly different between normal weight group and overweight or obese group by independent t-test

^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001 significantly different between elementary school and middle-high school by independent t-test

Table 5

Physical activity level (PAL)²⁾ among the subjects

1) Mean ± SD 2) PAL expressed as a multiples of 24-hour BMR

All values are not significantly different between normal weight group and overweight or obese group by independent t-test

Table 6

Correlation between the time spent by 18 activity types and physical activity level (PAL) after controlling for gender and age

1) Pearson's correlation coefficient (r)

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 significantly correlated by partial correlation adjusted for gender and age

Table 7

The comparison of daily energy expenditure (TEE) and estimated energy requirement (EER) for the normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents (Unit: kcal/day)

1) Mean ± SD 2) Resting metabolic rate (RMR) measured by using an indirect calorimetry 3) Total energy expenditure (TEE) calculated as follows: (REE measured × PAL) 4) Estimated energy requirement (EER) calculated by the equations that published in dietary reference intakes for Koreans 5) EER calculated by using a Sedentary PA (boys 1.0, girls 1.0) 6) EER calculated by using a Light PA (boys 1.13, girls 1.16) 7) EER calculated by using a Moderate PA (boys 1.26, girls 1.31) 8) EER calculated by using a Vigorous PA (boys 1.42, girls 1.56)

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 significantly different between TEE and EER by paired t-test

^†: p < 0.05, ^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001 significantly different between normal weight group and overweight or obese group by independent t-test

Notes

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0004472).

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