A comparison of anti-inflammatory activities of green tea and grapefruit seed extract with those of microencapsulated extracts

Yoon Kyung Jun; Myung Hwan Kim; Pil Nam Seong; Moon-Jeong Chang

doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.5.443

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Jun, Kim, Seong, and Chang: A comparison of anti-inflammatory activities of green tea and grapefruit seed extract with those of microencapsulated extracts

Research Article

Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2012; 45(5): 443-451.

Published online: 31 October 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2012.45.5.443

A comparison of anti-inflammatory activities of green tea and grapefruit seed extract with those of microencapsulated extracts

Yoon Kyung Jun¹, Myung Hwan Kim², Pil Nam Seong³, Moon-Jeong Chang¹

¹Department of Food & Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea.

²Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University,Cheonan 330-714, Korea.

³National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon 446-706, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (cmoon@kookmin.ac.kr)

Received 2 October 2012 Revised 17 October 2012 Accepted 19 October 2012

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

We compared the effects of grapefruit seed extract (GFSE), green tea extract (GT) and their microencapsulated extract on anti-inflammatory activities in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line. In order to protect the bioactive compounds in the extracts, they were microencapsulated with maltodextrin and H₂O. Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and thiobarbiturate reactive substances (TBARS) were analyzed in LPS activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The green tea extract at the range of 100-600 µg/mL inhibited NO, PGE2 production and iNOS protein expression without cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Grapefruit seed extract had strong inhibitory effects on NO and PGE production and iNOS protein expression at the range of 5-20 µg/mL without cytotoxicity. Microencapsulation of green tea extract had further inhibitory effects on NO and PGE2 production and on iNOS protein expression, whereas microencapsulated GFSE did not show any further inhibitory effects on these parameters. Taken together, our results suggest that GSFE might be a promising candidate for preventing inflammation related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer or diabetes, and the microencapsulation of green tea extract could improve its bioactivity.

Keywords: grapefruit seed extract, green tea extract, microencapsulation, RAW 264.7 macrophages, anti-inflammation

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Effect of green tea extract (GT), grapefruit seed extract (GSE) and microencapsulated extracts (MGT, MGSE) on cell viability in RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line. Cells were seed at initial density of 5 × 10⁴/mL. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GT, GSE, MGT and MGSE and incubated for 48 h. GT: green tea extract, MGT: microencapsulated green tea extract, GSE: grapefruit seed extract, MGSE: microencapsulated grapefruit seed extract.

Fig. 2

Effect of green tea extract (GT), grapefruit seed extract (GSE) and microencapsulated extracts (MGT, MGSE) on nitric oxide Production in RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line. Cells were seed at initial density of 6 × 10⁵/mL. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GT, GSE, MGT and MGSE and incubated for 16 h. Each colum represents the mean of triplicates. Different letters denote significant difference in nitrite level (p < 0.05). ^*: indicates significant difference from microencapsulated extract (p < 0.05). GT: green tea extract, MGT: microencapsulated green tea extrat, GSE: grapefruit seed extract, MGSE: microencapsulated grapefruit seed extract.

Fig. 3

Effect of green tea extract, grapefruit seed extract and microencapsulated extracts on prostaglandin E2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line. Cells were seed at initial density of 6 × 10⁵/mL. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GT, GSE, MGT and MGSE and incubated for 16 h. Each column represents the mean of triplicates. Different letters denote significant difference (p < 0.05). ^*: indicates significant difference from microencapsulated extract (p < 0.05). GT: green tea extract, MGT: microencapsulated green tea extrat, GSE: grapefruit seed extract, MGSE: microencapsulated grapefruit seed extract.

Fig. 4

Effect of green tea extract, grapefruit seed extract and microencapsulated extracts on tumor necrosis factor-α in RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line. Cells were seed at initial density of 6 × 10⁵/mL. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GT, GSE, MGT and MGSE and incubated for 16 h. Each column represents the mean of triplicates. Different letters denote significant difference (p < 0.05). GT: green tea extract, MGT: microencapsulated green tea extrat, GSE: grapefruit seed extract, MGSE: microencapsulated grapefruit seed extract.

Fig. 5

Effect of green tea extract (GT), grapefruit seed extract (GSE) and microencapsulated extracts (MGT, MGSE) on thiobarbiturate reactive substances in RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line. Cells were seed at initial density of 5 × 10⁵/mL. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GT, GSE, MGT and MGSE and incubated for 16 h. Each column represents the mean of triplicates. Different letters denote significant difference (p < 0.05). GT: green tea extract, MGT: microencapsulated green tea extract, GSE: grapefruit seed extract, MGSE: microencapsulated grapefruit seed extract.

Fig. 6

Effect of green tea extract (GT), grapefruit seed extract (GSE) and microencapsulated extracts (MGT, MGSE) on expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line. Cells were seed in 100 mm dish at initial density of 5 × 10⁶/mL. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GT, MGT, GSE, MGSE and incubated for 16 h. Each column represents the mean of triplicates. Different letters denote significant difference (p < 0.05). ^*: indicates significant difference from microencapsulated extract (p < 0.05). GT: green tea extract, MGT: microencapsulated green tea extract, GSE: grapefruit seed extract, MGSE: microencapsulated grapefruit seed extract.

Notes

This research was supported by joint research project from Rural Development Administration (project No. PJ907122).

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