Relationship of dietary self-efficacy and illness beliefs, perceived benefits and perceived barriers for the reduction of sodium intake in the elderly

Yoonsuk Suh; Yun-Hee Seok; Young-Jin Chung

doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.4.324

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Suh, Seok, and Chung: Relationship of dietary self-efficacy and illness beliefs, perceived benefits and perceived barriers for the reduction of sodium intake in the elderly

Research Article

Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2012; 45(4): 324-335.

Published online: 31 August 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2012.45.4.324

Relationship of dietary self-efficacy and illness beliefs, perceived benefits and perceived barriers for the reduction of sodium intake in the elderly

Yoonsuk Suh¹, Yun-Hee Seok¹, Young-Jin Chung²

¹Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (yjchung@cnu.ac.kr)

Received 8 June 2012 Revised 3 July 2012 Accepted 9 August 2012

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of dietary self-efficacy and illness beliefs, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers for the reduction of sodium intake in the elderly. A cross-sectional study was performed on 252 elderly people, aged 65 yrs and above, living in Daejeon Metropolitan city and Jecheon city, Chungbuk from March 21 to March 30, 2011. Dietary self-efficacy of three factors (resisting relapse, reducing salt and behavioral skills), perceived benefits and barriers, accurate and inaccurate illness beliefs were measured by 5 or 4 point Likert scale. With the increasing education level of the elderly, dietary self-efficacy, and accurate illness belief score increased and perceived barrier score decreased. Perceived benefits score was higher in the subject living alone compared to those living with siblings or spouses. Among three factors of dietary self-efficacy, reducing salt was scored highest and behavioral skills scored lowest in the elderly. Recording meal diary and reading labels for salt content in the items of behavioral skills showed lower score than other items. Accurate illness beliefs and perceived benefits were more scored than inaccurate illness beliefs and perceived barriers respectively in the subjects. The subjects with higher accurate illness beliefs, lower inaccurate illness beliefs, higher perceived benefits, and lower perceived barriers for the reduction of sodium intake showed higher dietary self-efficacy. In summary, accurate illness beliefs and perceived benefits positively correlated with dietary self-efficacy for the reduction of sodium intake in the elderly, whereas inaccurate illness beliefs and perceived barriers are negatively correlated.

Keywords: the elderly, sodium intake, self-efficacy, illness beliefs, perceived benefits, perceived barriers

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Dietary self-efficacy according to the general characteristics of the elderly

1) Mean ± SD 2) Means with different letters within a row are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test 3) ^**: p < 0.01

Table 2

Illness beliefs according to the general characteristics of the elderly

1) Mean ± SD 2) Means with different letters within a row are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test 3) ^**: p < 0.01

Table 3

Perceived benefits and perceived barriers according to the general characteristics of the elderly

1) Mean ± SD 2) Means with different letters within a row are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test 3) ^*: p < 0.05

Table 4

Dietary self-efficacy score for sodium reduction behavior in the elderly

1) F-value is derived from ANOVA among the subtotal of the three factor of dietary self-efficacy 2) Mean ± SD score from 5 point Likert type scale 3) Means with different small letters within a row are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test 4) ^***: 0.001

Table 5

Illness beliefs for sodium reduction behavior in the elderly

1) t-value is derived from paired t-test between the subtotal of the accurate and inaccurate illness beliefs 2) Mean ± SD score from 4 point Likert type scale 3) Means with different small letters within a row are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test 4) ^***: 0.001

Table 6

Perceived benefits and barriers for sodium reduction behavior in the elderly

1) t-value is derived from paired t-test between the total of the benefits and barriers 2) Mean ± SD 3) Means with different small letters within a row are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test 4) ^***: 0.001 ^†: score measured by 5 point Likert type scale

Table 7

Dietary self-efficacy score according to the level of accurate or inaccurate illness beliefs and perceived benefits and barriers for sodium reduction behavior in the elderly

1) Mean ± SD 2) ^***: p < 0.001

^†: The group with higher score than median, ^‡: The group with lower score than median

Table 8

Correlation coefficients between total dietary self-efficacy and illness beliefs, perceived benefits and barriers for sodium reduction behavior in the elderly

1) ^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Table 9

Correlation coefficients between dietary self-efficacy and illness beliefs, and perceived benefits and barriers for sodium reduction behavior in the elderly

1) ^**: p < 0.01

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