PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Korean undergraduate students attempt to lose weight but often fail due to utilizing ineffective weight loss strategies. Some diet programs have succeeded, yet, they have not provided adequate skills for long-term weight maintenance. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a low calorie diet and exercise with nutritional education on weight loss, serum lipid profiles, nutrient intakes, and dietary behavior modification in overweight and obese undergraduate students. The subjects in the low calorie diet group (LCD; n = 12) and the low calorie diet plus exercise group (LCDE; n = 13) had the same goal of losing 4 kg during a 12 week program. Nutrient intakes were assessed by the 24 hour recall method. Also, food habits and dietary behaviors were investigated by self-administered questionnaires before and after the weight control program and one month after completing the program. LCD and LCDE groups lowered body weight by 2 kg and 1 kg, respectively, although they decreased calorie intake by 355 and 287 kcal per day compared to intakes prior to the study. Body fat mass decreased in both the LCD and LCDE groups; however, the decrease was greater in the LCDE group. In addition, only the LCDE group increased muscle mass. The LCD group had a slightly better effect in reducing body weight, body fat, and waist circumference than the LCDE group. However, their decrease was reversed after the mid-study check in the LCD group; the reduction was better maintained and decreased more in the LCDE group. However, serum lipid profiles were already in borderline prior to the study; moreover, they were not modified after losing weight. The dietary behavior program helped students to develop better dietary habits. In conclusion, the combination of a low calorie diet and exercise is necessary in order to maintain longer weight loss by increasing muscle mass and decreasing body fat.
Figures and Tables
Table 3
The anthropometric data after the weight control programs and the differences before and after the program
1) Significant time effects by two-way ANOVA at p < 0.05 2) Significant effect of diet programs by two-way ANOVA at p < 0.05 3) Significantly different from a low calorie diet by two-sampled t-test at p < 0.05
a, b, c: Values in the same row with different superscripts were significantly different in Tukey test at p < 0.05
Table 4
The serum lipid profiles and liver damage index after the weight control programs and the differences before and after the program.
References
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare. The 4th Kroea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2010). 2011. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare.
2. Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. The diagnosis and treatment of obesity. Guidelines for the Asia-Pacific region. 2000. Seoul: Han Medical.
3. Panotopoulos G, Ruiz JC, Guy-Grand B, Basdevant A. Dual x-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance, and near infrared interactance in obese women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001. 33(4):665–670.
4. Jeong DW, Lee SY, Min HG, Kim YJ, Choi SH, Kim YJ, Cho BM. Measuring performance evaluation of body fat measuring instrument applying body measuring value method. Korean J Health Promot Dis Prev. 2006. 6(2):79–87.
5. Han SH, Lee SY, Kim KN, Yoo SM. Comparison between dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and bioelectrical impedence analysis (BIA) in measurement of lean body mass and fat mass in obese adults: based Bland-Altman plot analysis. Korean J Obes. 2006. 15(4):213–218.
6. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. 2010. Seoul:
7. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972. 18(6):499–502.
8. Nicklas BJ, Penninx BW, Ryan AS, Berman DM, Lynch NA, Dennis KE. Visceral adipose tissue cutoffs associated with metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women. Diabetes Care. 2003. 26(5):1413–1420.
9. Chan JC, Malik V, Jia W, Kadowaki T, Yajnik CS, Yoon KH, Hu FB. Diabetes in Asia: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. JAMA. 2009. 301(20):2129–2140.
10. Yoon KH, Lee JH, Kim JW, Cho JH, Choi YH, Ko SH, Zimmet P, Son HY. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia. Lancet. 2006. 368(9548):1681–1688.
11. Kim SG, Choi DS. The present state of diabetes mellitus in Korea. J Korean Med Assoc. 2008. 51(9):791–798.
12. Gregg EW, Cadwell BL, Cheng YJ, Cowie CC, Williams DE, Geiss L, Engelgau MM, Vinicor F. Trends in the prevalence and ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed diabetes according to obesity levels in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2004. 27(12):2806–2812.
13. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Obesity prevalence and trends in Korea (1998-2009). 2011 Oct. Available from:
http://www.cdc.go.kr/contents/information/had/b/12130_view.html.
14. Burke LE, Styn MA, Sereika SM, Conroy MB, Ye L, Glanz K, Sevick MA, Ewing LJ. Using mHealth technology to enhance self-monitoring for weight loss: a randomized trial. Am J Prev Med. 2012. 43(1):20–26.
15. Ahn HJ, Cho YO, Kwon HR, Ku YH, Koo BK, Han KA, Min KW. The effects of low-calorie diets on abdominal visceral fat, muscle mass, and dietary quality in obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Korean Diabetes J. 2009. 33(6):526–536.
16. Ross R, Dagnone D, Jones PJ, Smith H, Paddags A, Hudson R, Janssen I. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000. 133(2):92–103.
17. Kang JS, Kim HS. A study on the evaluation of a nutritional education program for the middle aged obese women. Korean J Food Nutr. 2004. 17(4):356–367.
18. Gasteyger C, Larsen TM, Vercruysse F, Pedersen D, Toubro S, Astrup A. Visceral fat loss induced by a low-calorie diet: a direct comparison between women and men. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009. 11(6):596–602.
19. Kim SH, Lee SJ, Kang ES, Kang S, Hur KY, Lee HJ, Ahn CW, Cha BS, Yoo JS, Lee HC. Effects of lifestyle modification on metabolic parameters and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2006. 55(8):1053–1059.
20. Kwon IC, Oh JK, Shin YO, Yoon SM, Lee JP, Kim YJ, Kwon KW. The effects of aerobics and aerobics combined with circuit weight training on body composition, blood lipids, serum leptin and heart rate recovery in obese children. Korean J Phys Educ. 2002. 41(3):383–391.
21. Kawano M, Shono N, Yoshimura T, Yamaguchi M, Hirano T, Hisatomi A. Improved cardio-respiratory fitness correlates with changes in the number and size of small dense LDL: randomized controlled trial with exercise training and dietary instruction. Intern Med. 2009. 48(1):25–32.
22. Heo YH, Kim EJ, Seo HS, Kim SM, Choi KM, Hwang TG, Cho GJ, Park Y. The effect of 16 week exercise program on abdominal fat, serum lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure in obese women. Korean J Obes. 2010. 19(1):16–23.
XML Download