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Abstract
This study analyzes the food frequency for the elderly regarding different family types and finds the factors for nutritional risk, offers a basic reference for providing nutritional support for them. The study referred to the dietary behavioral survey data of 3,680 elderly people (1652 male and 2028 female) from 21 regions in the northern Kyeonggi province. The data was collected through the method of one-to-one interviews and was a part of the Community Health Survey for 2008 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). We classified family types as a household for elderly people living alone, a household of elderly people with a spouse, a household of the elderly with unmarried children and a household of the elderly with married children, and as for intakes of foods, the frequencies of taking fruits, vegetables, kimchi, rice with mixed cereals, meat, fish, bean·tofu·soymilk, milk and dairy products, as well as sweet beverages are calculated on a daily basis and skipped meals are calculated on a weekly basis. Elderly women showed lower income, lower education level, higher unemployment rates, and a higher rate of government healthcare subsidies than elderly men. Elderly women tend to live alone and with their children while elderly men tend to live with their spouse. In both males and females, the intake of fruits and vegetables were the least in the elderly living alone, while the elderly with married children ate the most. In both males and females, the household of the elderly living alone ate significantly less amounts of Kimchi than other family types. Elderly people living alone tended to have significantly less meat and fish, especially women. In the case of rice with mixed cereals, the elderly men living alone and the elderly men with unmarried children ate significantly less amounts than the elderly men living with a spouse. The elderly men living alone took significantly less milk and dairy products than the elderly men with unmarried children while the elderly women living with a spouse took significantly less milk and dairy products than the elderly women with married children. With regards to the frequency of meal-skipping, the elderly living alone had the highest frequency for skipping meals. From this result, having various foods is difficult for the elderly living alone. Furthermore, the elderly living with unmarried children demonstrated a low quality of dietary life compared to those of married children. Hence, it can be concluded that social support is important in order for the elderly to have a balanced diet.
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Table 1.
General characteristics of the elderly subjects
| Variables | Men (n = 1652) | Women (n = 2028) | p-value 1) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 69.44 ± 6.65 2) | 69.84 ± 6.85 | 0.0761 | |
| Area | Urban | 815 (49.3) 3) | 1026 (50.6) | 0.4479 |
| Rural | 837 (50.7) 3) | 1002 (49.4) | ||
| Monthly income (10,000 won) | ≤ 100 | 696 (52.8) 3) | 929 (57.4) | 0.0231 |
| 101-200 | 316 (24.0) 3) | 316 (19.5) | ||
| 201-300 | 135 (10.2) 3) | 161 (09.9) | ||
| ≥ 301 | 172 (13.0) 3) | 213 (13.2) | ||
| Job | Administrative position | 100 (06.3) 3) | 14 (00.7) | ＜ .0001 |
| Office worker | 20 (01.3) 3) | 3 (00.2) | ||
| Sales and service | 88 (05.5) 3) | 62 (03.2) | ||
| Farmer, fishery | 248 (15.6) 3) | 161 (08.4) | ||
| Simple labor | 251 (15.8) 3) | 122 (06.4) | ||
| Others 4) | 884 (55.6) 3) | 1559 (81.2) | ||
| Education | ≤ Elementary school | 702 (42.5) 3) | 1516 (74.8) | ＜ .0001 |
| Middle- High school | 725 (43.9) 3) | 439 (21.6) | ||
| ≥ Over college | 225 (13.6) 3) | 72 (03.6) | ||
| Medical insurance | Regional | 662 (40.7) 3) | 768 (39.5) | 0.0233 |
| Employment | 871 (53.6) 3) | 1016 (52.2) | ||
| Medical assistance | 90 (05.5) 3) | 159 (08.2) | ||
| Others | 3 (00.2) 3) | 4 (00.1) | ||
| Current smoking | Yes | 508 (30.8) 3) | 92 (04.6) | ＜ .0001 |
| No | 1140 (69.2) 3) | 1931 (95.4) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | Yes | 1323 (80.2) 3) | 800 (39.5) | ＜ .0001 |
| No | 327 (19.8) 3) | 1228 (60.5) | ||
| Exercise practice | Yes | 578 (35.0) 3) | 622 (30.7) | 0.0052 |
| No | 1073 (65.0) 3) | 1406 (69.3) | ||
| BMI | ＜ 25 | 1198 (77.5) 3) | 1156 (68.4) | ＜ .0001 |
| ≥ 25 | 348 (22.5) 3) | 535 (31.6) | ||
| Type of family | Alone | 141 (08.5) 3) | 479 (23.6) | ＜ .0001 |
| With spouse | 998 (60.4) 3) | 800 (39.5) | ||
| With unmarried children | 350 (21.2) 3) | 346 (17.1) | ||
| With married children | 163 (09.9) 3) | 403 (19.9) |
Table 2.
Distribution of elderly subjects in variables associated with family type
| Variables | Men (n = 1652) | Women (n = 2028) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alone (n = 141) | With spouse (n = 998) | With unmarried children (n = 350) | With married children (n = 163) | p-value 1) | Alone (n = 479) | With spouse (n = 800) | With unmarried children (n = 346) | With married children (n = 403) | p-value 1) | ||
| Age | 70.3 ± 7.1 3) | 69.9 ± 6.4 | 66.6 ± 5.9 | 71.7 ± 7.3 | < .0001 2) | 72.0 ± 6.9 | 67.8 ± 5.7 | 68.3 ± 6.8 | 72.6 ± 7.3 | < .0001 2) | |
| Area | Urban | 058 (41.1)4) | 436 (43.7) | 225 (64.3) | 96 (58.9) | < .0001 2) | 227 (47.4) | 360 (45.0) | 198 (57.2) | 241 (59.8) | < .0001 2) |
| Rural | 083 (58.9) | 562 (56.3) | 125 (35.7) | 67 (41.1) | 252 (52.6) | 440 (55.0) | 148 (42.8) | 162 (40.2) | |||
| Education | ≤ Elementary school | 057 (40.4) | 439 (44.0) | 120 (34.3) | 86 (52.8) | < 0.0118 2) | 402 (83.9) | 550 (68.8) | 245 (70.8) | 319 (79.2) | 0.0002 2) |
| Middle- High school | 064 (45.4) | 415 (41.6) | 179 (51.1) | 67 (41.1) | 66 (13.8) | 208 (26.0) | 92 (26.6) | 73 (18.1) | |||
| ≥ Over college | 020 (14.2) | 144 (14.4) | 51 (14.6) | 10 (06.1) | 11 (02.3) | 41 (05.2) | 9 (02.6) | 11 (02.7) | |||
| IADL5) | Good (= 30) | 112 (87.5) | 472 (80.4) | 172 (81.1) | 58 (81.7) | < 0.13972) | 356 (75.7) | 614 (84.3) | 251 (76.8) | 225 (66.6) | < .0001 2) |
| Bad (< 30) | 016 (12.5) | 115 (19.6) | 40 (18.9) | 13 (18.3) | 114 (24.3) | 119 (15.7) | 76 (23.2) | 113 (33.4) | |||
| Chronic disease | Yes | 048 (34.0) | 314 (31.5) | 100 (28.6) | 50 (30.7) | < 0.83882) | 206 (43.0) | 306 (38.2) | 120 (34.7) | 155 (38.5) | < 0.39352) |
| No | 093 (66.0) | 684 (68.5) | 250 (71.4) | 113 (69.3) | 273 (57.0) | 494 (61.8) | 226 (65.3) | 248 (61.5) | |||
| Chewing disability | Yes | 078 (55.3) | 458 (45.9) | 140 (40.0) | 85 (52.1) | < 0.07012) | 272 (56.8) | 361 (45.2) | 170 (49.1) | 221 (54.8) | < 0.08072) |
| No | 063 (44.7) | 540 (54.1) | 210 (60.0) | 78 (47.9) | 207 (43.2) | 438 (54.8) | 176 (50.9) | 182 (45.2) | |||
| Self-rated health status | Good | 040 (28.4) | 240 (24.1) | 110 (31.5) | 28 (17.2) | < 0.06802) | 53 (11.1) | 112 (14.1) | 47 (13.7) | 56 (13.9) | < 0.56942) |
| Weak | 101 (71.6) | 758 (76.0) | 239 (68.5) | 135 (82.8) | 425 (88.9) | 685 (86.0) | 296 (86.3) | 347 (86.1) | |||
| Stress | High stress | 044 (31.2) | 207 (20.7) | 75 (21.4) | 35 (21.5) | < 0.04422) | 157 (32.8) | 252 (31.5) | 110 (31.8) | 89 (22.1) | < 0.00222) |
| Low stress | 097 (68.8) | 791 (79.3) | 275 (78.6) | 128 (78.5) | 322 (67.2) | 547 (68.5) | 236 (68.2) | 314 (77.9) | |||
| Depression | Yes | 026 (18.4) | 64 (06.4) | 25 (07.1) | 15 (09.2) | < .00012) | 102 (21.3) | 95 (11.9) | 59 (17.1) | 46 (11.4) | < .00012) |
| No | 115 (81.6) | 934 (93.6) | 325 (92.9) | 148 (90.8) | 377 (78.7) | 704 (88.1) | 286 (82.9) | 356 (88.6) | |||
| Current smoking | Yes | 050 (35.5) | 300 (30.1) | 113 (32.3) | 45 (28.0) | < 0.66182) | 40 (08.4) | 29 (03.6) | 6 (01.7) | 17 (04.3) | < 0.00032) |
| No | 091 (64.5) | 696 (69.9) | 237 (67.7) | 116 (72.1) | 437 (91.6) | 771 (96.4) | 340 (98.3) | 383 (95.7) | |||
| Exercise practice | Yes | 052 (36.9) | 336 (33.7) | 140 (40.0) | 50 (30.7) | < 0.83882) | 143 (29.9) | 272 (34.0) | 110 (31.8) | 97 (24.1) | < 0.01262) |
| No | 089 (63.1) | 661 (66.3) | 210 (60.0) | 113 (69.3) | 336 (70.2) | 528 (66.0) | 236 (68.2) | 306 (75.9) | |||
| Alcohol drinking | Yes | 071 (50.7) | 513 (51.6) | 196 (56.2) | 82 (50.3) | < 0.93302) | 72 (15.0) | 95 (11.9) | 54 (15.7) | 55 (13.7) | < 0.14602) |
| No | 069 (49.3) | 481 (48.4) | 153 (43.8) | 81 (49.7) | 407 (85.0) | 704 (88.1) | 291 (84.4) | 348 (86.4 | |||
Table 3.
Food frequency of elderly men by different family type in multivariate analysis
| Variables | Men (n = 1652) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alone (n = 141) | With spouse (n = 998) | With unmarried children (n = 350) | With married children (n = 163) | p-value 1) | ||
| Fruits | Model 1 | 0.50 ± 0.07 2)a3) | 0.79 ± 0.03bc | 0.69 ± 0.04 b | 0.89 ± 0.06 c | ＜ .0001 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 0.56 ± 0.07a | 0.83 ± 0.04b | 0.74 ± 0.05b | 1.00 ± 0.07c | ＜ .0001 |
| Vegetables 4) | Model 1 | 0.95 ± 0.13 a | 1.39 ± 0.05b | 1.52 ± 0.08 b | 1.63 ± 0.12 b | 0.0001 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 0.96 ± 0.14 a | 1.39 ± 0.08b | 1.53 ± 0.11 bc | 1.68 ± 0.14 c | ＜ .0001 |
| Kimchis 5) | Model 1 | 2.54 ± 0.13 a | 3.02 ± 0.05b | 3.07 ± 0.09 b | 3.06 ± 0.12 b | 0.0009 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 2.44 ± 0.14a | 2.87 ± 0.08b | 2.92 ± 0.11b | 2.91 ± 0.14b | 0.0032 |
| Rice with mixed cereals | Model 1 | 1.66 ± 0.13 a | 2.08 ± 0.05b | 1.88 ± 0.08 a | 2.02 ± 0.12 ab | ＜ .0001 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 1.73 ± 0.14 a | 2.18 ± 0.08b | 1.98 ± 0.11 a | 2.14 ± 0.14 ab | ＜ .0001 |
| Meat | Model 1 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.9383 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.9249 |
| Fish | Model 1 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.9862 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.9269 |
| Beans, tofu, soy milk | Model 1 | 1.04 ± 0.10 | 1.13 ± 0.04 | 1.11 ± 0.06 | 1.12 ± 0.09 | 0.5658 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 1.04 ± 0.11 | 1.13 ± 0.06 | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 0.5545 |
| Milk and dairy products | Model 1 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 0.36 ± 0.05 | 0.0578 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 0.39 ± 0.06 a | 0.50 ± 0.04 ab | 0.58 ± 0.04 b | 0.47 ± 0.06 ab | 0.0435 |
| Sweet beverage 6) | Model 1 | 1.52 ± 0.12 | 1.47 ± 0.05 | 1.56 ± 0.08 | 1.61 ± 0.12 | 0.3785 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 1.48 ± 0.13 | 1.43 ± 0.08 | 1.52 ± 0.10 | 1.58 ± 0.13 | 0.3446 |
| Skipped meal | Model 1 | 1.61 ± 0.17b | 0.78 ± 0.06a | 0.79 ± 0.11a | 0.80 ± 0.16a | ＜ .0001 |
| (day/week) | Model 2 | 1.81 ± 0.18 b | 1.08 ± 0.11 a | 1.09 ± 0.14a | 1.08 ± 0.18a | 0.0004 |
Table 4.
Food frequency of elderly women by different family type in multivariate analysis
| Variables | Women (n = 2028) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alone (n = 479) | With spouse (n = 800) | With unmarried children (n = 346) | With married children (n = 403) | p-value 1) | ||
| Fruits | Model 1 | 0.56 ± 0.04 2)a3) | 0.82 ± 0.03 b | 0.76 ± 0.04 b | 0.89 ± 0.04 c | ＜ .0001 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 0.69 ± 0.06a | 0.89 ± 0.06b | 0.87 ± 0.07b | 1.03 ± 0.07c | ＜ .0001 |
| Vegetables 4) | Model 1 | 1.09 ± 0.07 a | 1.36 ± 0.05 b | 1.41 ± 0.08 bc | 1.63 ± 0.07 c | ＜ .0001 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 1.19 ± 0.12 a | 1.43 ± 0.12 b | 1.52 ± 0.13 bc | 1.64 ± 0.13 c | ＜ .0001 |
| Kimchis 5) | Model 1 | 2.73 ± 0.07 a | 3.03 ± 0.06 b | 3.07 ± 0.09 b | 3.03 ± 0.08 b | 0.0002 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 2.44 ± 0.13a | 2.79 ± 0.13b | 2.89 ± 0.14b | 2.75 ± 0.14b | ＜ .0001 |
| Rice with mixed cereals | Model 1 | 0.96 ± 0.14 | 1.39 ± 0.08 | 1.53 ± 0.11 | 1.68 ± 0.14 | 0.0754 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 1.73 ± 0.13 | 1.89 ± 0.13 | 1.91 ± 0.14 | 1.93 ± 0.14 | 0.0775 |
| Meat | Model 1 | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.23 ± 0.01 b | 0.22 ± 0.02 b | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | ＜ .0001 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 0.19 ± 0.02a | 0.25 ± 0.02b | 0.24 ± 0.03b | 0.25 ± 0.03b | 0.0002 |
| Fish | Model 1 | 0.25 ± 0.02a | 0.32 ± 0.01b | 0.28 ± 0.02ab | 0.32 ± 0.02b | 0.0006 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 0.32 ± 0.03 a | 0.38 ± 0.03 b | 0.34 ± 0.04 ab | 0.37 ± 0.03 b | 0.0059 |
| Beans, tofu, soy milk | Model 1 | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 1.14 ± 0.05 | 1.13 ± 0.07 | 1.07 ± 0.06 | 0.1285 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 1.02 ± 0.11 | 1.14 ± 0.10 | 1.17 ± 0.12 | 1.06 ± 0.12 | 0.2469 |
| Milk and Dairy products | Model 1 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 0.2253 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 0.52 ± 0.06 ab | 0.46 ± 0.05 a | 0.48 ± 0.06 ab | 0.57 ± 0.06 b | 0.0480 |
| Sweet beverage 6) | Model 1 | 1.11 ± 0.05 | 1.19 ± 0.04 | 1.11 ± 0.06 | 1.07 ± 0.06 | 0.5799 |
| (frequency/day) | Model 2 | 1.30 ± 0.09 | 1.38 ± 0.09 | 1.31 ± 0.10 | 1.30 ± 0.10 | 0.6541 |
| Skipped meal | Model 1 | 1.66 ± 0.10c | 0.92 ± 0.08ab | 1.23 ± 0.12bc | 0.89 ± 0.11a | ＜ .0001 |
| (day/week) | Model 2 | 1.95 ± 0.19 b | 1.23 ± 0.18 a | 1.51 ± 0.21a | 1.28 ± 0.21a | ＜ .0001 |
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