Dietary Characteristics of Macronutrient Intake and the Status of Metabolic Syndrome among Koreans

Hyun Ju Jung; Won Ok Song; Hee-Young Paik; Hyojee Joung

doi:10.4163/kjn.2011.44.2.119

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Jung, Song, Paik, and Joung: Dietary Characteristics of Macronutrient Intake and the Status of Metabolic Syndrome among Koreans

Research Article

Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2011; 44(2): 119-130.

Published online: 30 April 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2011.44.2.119

Dietary Characteristics of Macronutrient Intake and the Status of Metabolic Syndrome among Koreans

Hyun Ju Jung¹, Won Ok Song², Hee-Young Paik¹, Hyojee Joung³

¹Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.

²Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, MI48824, USA.

³Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (hjjoung@snu.ac.kr)

Received 30 December 2010 Revised 22 March 2011 Accepted 28 March 2011

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is heavily dependent on dietary and lifestyle practices, is prevalent in Korean adults. Because dietary practices are unique for each race, nationality, and culture, it is important to identify Korean adult dietary practices that are associated with MetS. Macronutrient intake patterns were analyzed and compared across health status using the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (8,143 adults who had dietary data and biomarkers related to MetS). Although intake levels were different by age, gender, and health status, carbohydrate intake was high and fat intake was low among Korean adults. The carbohydrate energy ratio was higher and the fat energy ratio was lower for subjects > 60 years old who were diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, or MetS than those in other age groups. The main source of fat from food differed depending on the group. These results demonstrated that macronutrient intake patterns were different between age, gender, and health status subgroups. Hence, it is recommended that nutritional policy and practices aimed at controlling MetS should be based on the dietary characteristics of the target group.

Keywords: metabolic syndrome, macronutrients, food, dish

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Distribution and characteristics of Korean adults by health status¹⁾

1) Health status of people were classified by the presence of diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, 2) Percentage of people in each age and sex group, 3) Metabolic syndrome (MetS) by the modified NCEP ATP III criteria (any 3 of 5 constitutes, for waist circumstances ≥ 90 cm in men, ≥ 80 cm in women, for triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated triglyceride, for HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men, < 50 mg/dL in women or on drug treatment for reduced HDL-cholesterol, for blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg systolic blood pressure or ≥ 85 mmHg diastolic blood pressure or on antihypertensive drug treatment, for fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated glucose), 4) Prevalence of MetS was calculated by the criteria of modified NCEP ATP III either with or without diabetes or hypertension. 5) % of cases calculated from weighted frequency, 6) 'Control' are those who didn't have metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension, 7) 'New MetS' are those with MetS with no diabetes or hypertension diagnosed, 8) 'Control w/disease' are people who had been diagnosed with diabetes or hypertension, 9) P value by ANOVA among three groups

Table 2

Energy and macronutrient intake of Korean adults by health status

1) 'Control' are those who didn't have metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension, 2) 'New MetS' are those with MetS with no diabetes or hypertension diagnosed, 3) Metabolic syndrome (MetS) by the modified NCEP ATP III criteria (any 3 of 5 constitutes, for waist circumstances ≥ 90 cm in men, ≥ 80 cm in women, for triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated triglyceride, for HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men, < 50 mg/dL in women or on drug treatment for reduced HDL-cholesterol, for blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg systolic blood pressure or ≥ 85 mmHg diastolic blood pressure or on antihypertensive drug treatment, for fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated glucose), 4) 'Control w/disease' are people who had been diagnosed with diabetes or hypertension, 5) P value by ANOVA among three groups

Table 3

Sources of energy intake of Korean adults by health status

1) carbohydrate energy = [carbohydrate intake (g) × 4 (kcal/g)]/[carbohydrate intake × 4 + protein intake × 4 + fat intake × 9] × 100, 2) fat energy = [fat intake (g) × 9 (kcal/ g)]/(carbohydrate intake × 4 + protein intake × 4 + fat intake × 9) × 100, 3) 'Control' are those who didn't have metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension, 4) 'New MetS' are those with MetS with no diabetes or hypertension diagnosed, 5) Metabolic syndrome (MetS) by the modified NCEP ATP III criteria (any 3 of 5 constitutes, for waist circumstances ≥ 90 cm in men, ≥ 80 cm in women, for triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated triglyceride, for HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men, < 50 mg/dL in women or on drug treatment for reduced HDL-cholesterol, for blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg systolic blood pressure or ≥ 85 mmHg diastolic blood pressure or on antihypertensive drug treatment, for fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated glucose, 6) 'Control w/disease' are people who had been diagnosed with diabetes or hypertension, 7) P value by ANOVA among three groups

Table 4

Odds ratios of inadequate macronutrient intake by health status

1) 'Control' are those who didn't have metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension, 2) 'New MetS' are those with MetS with no diabetes or hypertension diagnosed, 3) Metabolic syndrome (MetS) by the modified NCEP ATP III criteria any 3 of 5 constitutes, for waist circumstances ≥ 90 cm in men, ≥ 80 cm in women, for triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated triglyceride, for HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men, < 50 mg/dL in women or on drug treatment for reduced HDL-cholesterol, for blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg systolic blood pressure or ≥ 85 mmHg diastolic blood pressure or on antihypertensive drug treatment, for fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated glucose, 4) 'Control w/disease' are people who had been diagnosed with diabetes or hypertension, 5) Odds ratio

Table 5

Major dish and food sources of carbohydrate consumed by Korean adults

1) Every occasions each dish or food eaten. Some people might eat some dish or food many times a day, 2) Total carbohydrate intake from each dish or food/frequency of each dish or food, 3) 'Control' are those who didn't have metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension, 4) 'New MetS' are those with MetS with no diabetes or hypertension diagnosed, 5) Metabolic syndrome (MetS) by the modified NCEP ATP III criteria any 3 of 5 constitutes, for waist circumstances ≥ 90 cm in men, ≥ 80 cm in women, for triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated triglyceride, for HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men, < 50 mg/dL in women or on drug treatment for reduced HDL-cholesterol, for blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg systolic blood pressure or ≥ 85 mmHg diastolic blood pressure or on antihypertensive drug treatment, for fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated glucose, 6) 'Control w/disease' are people who had been diagnosed with diabetes or hypertension, 7) Not found, 8) Rice is consumed as not only cooked rice (white rice alone) but also various types of cooked rice with other grain (s) or beans.

Table 6

Major dish and food sources of fat consumed by Korean adults

1) Every occasions each dish or food eaten. Some people might eat some dish or food many times a day, 2) Total fat intake from each dish or food/frequency of each dish or food, 3) 'Control' are those who didn't have metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension, 4) 'New MetS' are those with MetS with no diabetes or hypertension diagnosed, 5) Metabolic syndrome (MetS) by the modified NCEP ATP III criteria any 3 of 5 constitutes, for waist circumstances ≥ 90 cm in men, ≥ 80 cm in women, for triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/ dL or on drug treatment for elevated triglyceride, for HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men, < 50 mg/dL in women or on drug treatment for reduced HDL-cholesterol, for blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg systolic blood pressure or ≥ 85 mmHg diastolic blood pressure or on antihypertensive drug treatment, for fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or on drug treatment for elevated glucose, 6) 'Control w/disease' are people who had been diagnosed with diabetes or hypertension, 7) Not found

Notes

This work was supported by a grant from the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (no. PJ007211), Rural Development Administra-tion, Republic of Korea.

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