Intakes and Major Food Sources of Vitamins A and E of Korean Adults Living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province

Hyun Hee Noh; Young-Nam Kim; Youn-Ok Cho

doi:10.4163/kjn.2010.43.6.628

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Noh, Kim, and Cho: Intakes and Major Food Sources of Vitamins A and E of Korean Adults Living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province

Research Article

Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2010; 43(6): 628-637.

Published online: 31 December 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2010.43.6.628

Intakes and Major Food Sources of Vitamins A and E of Korean Adults Living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province

Hyun Hee Noh, Young-Nam Kim, Youn-Ok Cho

Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (yunokcho@duksung.ac.kr)

Received 21 October 2010 Revised 9 November 2010 Accepted 12 November 2010

Abstract

To determine vitamin A and E intakes and their food sources, dietary intakes were collected by three consecutive 24-hour recalls from 192 adults living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The mean vitamin A, retinol and β-carotene intakes were 1240.1 ± 1101.1 µg retinol equivalent/day (693.3 ± 563.2 µg retinol activity equivalent/day), 182.6 ± 149.5 µg/day and 5443.3 ± 6365.5 µg/day, respectively. Only 9.4% of the subjects consumed less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin A. The mean vitamin E intake was 6.03 ± 2.54 mg α-tocopherol equivalent/day. The α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol intakes were 4.83 ± 2.03 and 5.57 ± 3.41 mg/day, respectively. Most of the subjects (93.8%) consumed less than the Korean Adequate Intake for vitamin E. The major food sources of vitamin A were sweet potato, carrot, red pepper powder, spinach, and citrus fruit, and the top 30 foods provided 91.5% of total Plant foods provided 81.0% and animalderived foods 10.5% of the vitamin A intake from the top 30 foods. The major food sources of vitamin E were soybean oil, red pepper powder, Ramyeon (cup noodles), spinach, and egg. The top 30 foods provided 78.0% of total vitamin E intake. Plant foods provided 61.3% and animal-derived foods 15.9% of the vitamin E intake from the top 30 foods. In conclusion, the vitamin A intake of the Korean adults in this study was ge-nerally adequate, but the vitamin E intake of many subjects was inadequate. Therefore, nutritional education may be of benefit to Korean adults to increase their vitamin E intake.

Keywords: vitamin A intake, vitamin E intake, carotenoids, tocopherols, food sources

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Distribution of the subjects by the World Health Organization BMI cut-offs for Asians.

Fig. 2

Percentages of Korean adults consuming vitamin A < Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and < US/Canadian DRI. Estimated Average Requirement, EAR: Recommended Intakes, RI: Recommended Dietary Allowance, RDA: and Tolerable Upper Intake Level, UL.

Fig. 3

Percentages of Korean adults consuming vitamin E < Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and < US/Canadian DRI. Estimated Average Requirement, EAR: Recommended Intakes, RI; Recommended Dietary Allowance, RDA: and Adequate Intake, AI. None of the subjects consumed vitamin E > Tolerable Upper Intake Level in Korean DRI and US/Canadian DRI.

Table 1

General characteristics of the subjects by gender1)

1) Values are means ± standard deviations. The significant difference was observed by gender, 2) Body mass index

^**: p < 0.01 and ^***: p < 0.001

Table 2

Selected nutrient intakes of the subjects by gender1)

1) Values are means ± standard deviations. The significant difference was observed by gender, 2) mg niacin equi-valent, 3) µg dietary folate equivalent

^***: p < 0.001

Table 3

Retinol, carotenoids, and vitamin A intakes of the subjects by gender1)

1) Values are means ± standard deviations. The significant difference was observed by gender, 2) µg retinol equivalent, 3) µg retinol activity equivalent

^*: p < 0.05

Table 4

Major dietary sources of vitamin A (µg retinol equivalent) consumed by the subjects1)

Table 5

Retinol, carotenoids, and vitamin A intakes of the subjects by gender1)

1) Values are means ± standard deviations. The significant difference was observed by gender, 2) mg α-tocopherol equivalent

^*: p < 0.05 and ^**: p < 0.01

Table 6

Major dietary sources of vitamin E (mg α-tocopherol) consumed by the subjects

Notes

This study was supported by the grant of the 2009 research fund of National Research Foundation of Korea (20090066-047).

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