Survey of Caffeine Intake from Children's Favorite Foods

Young-Eun Chang; Hae-Kyung Chung

doi:10.4163/kjn.2010.43.5.475

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Chang and Chung: Survey of Caffeine Intake from Children's Favorite Foods

Research Article

Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2010; 43(5): 475-488.

Published online: 31 October 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2010.43.5.475

Survey of Caffeine Intake from Children's Favorite Foods

Young-Eun Chang, Hae-Kyung Chung

Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Cheonan 336-795, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (hkchung@hoseo.edu)

Received 10 September 2010 Revised 25 September 2010 Accepted 27 September 2010

Abstract

The daily caffeine intake from elementary school children's favorite foods was surveyed and evaluated. Children may respond to caffeine differently from adults because they have different physiological makeup and are functionally immature. Therefore, caffeine exposure may have more serious consequences for children than for adults, irrespective of sensitivity. Their preference, perception, and intake of caffeine from children's favorite foods were investigated by questionnaire for 355 children. The order of children's preference over foods containing caffeine was ice cream and ices, confectionary, milk and milk products, and soft beverage. The daily caffeine intake of children was estimated to range from 0.16 to 917.28 mg/day, with an average of 36.04 ± 82.7 mg/day and 36.9 ± 96.0 mg/day for boys and girls, respectively. The daily caffeine intake according to body weight was 1.08 ± 2.23 mg/kg and 1.12 ± 2.66 mg/kg for boys and girls, respectively. The percentage of acceptable daily intake (ADI) of caffeine was 43.4% for boys and 44.9% for girls. The sources of caffeine for boys and girls were soft beverage (18.3 mg and 16.1 mg), milk and milk products (8.9 mg and 8.5 mg), ice cream and ices (5.7 mg and 7.3 mg), chocolate (1.6 mg and 3.2 mg), and confectionery (1.6 mg and 1.8 mg).

Keywords: caffeine, children, favorite food, daily caffeine intake

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Anthropometric variables of subjects

Table 2

General characteristic of the subjects (N (%))

1) NS: Not significant at a = 0.05

Table 3

Perceptions of caffeine in children (N (%))

1) Significant differences between each group measured by Chi-square test, 2) NS: Not significant at a = 0.05

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 4

Preference of food containing caffeine in children's favorite foods (N (%))

Table 5

Daily intake of caffeine from children's favorite food consumption

1) Mean ± SD, 2) Significant differences for each group measured by Student's t-test

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p <0.01

Table 6

Frequency of intake of food containing caffeine from children's favorite food

1) Intake frequency of 1 serving size, 2) Mean ± SD, 3) Significant differences for each group measured by Student's t-test

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Table 7

Daily caffeine intake of subjects by percentile (mg/day)

Table 8

Daily caffeine intake assessment for children (mg)

1) Mean ± SD, 2) BMI = Weight (kg)/Height (m)², Male: Underwight (BMI < 18.5), Normal-weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 24), Overweight (24 ≤ BMI). Female: Underwight (BMI < 18.5), Normal-weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 23), Overweight (24 ≤ BMI), 3) Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for children: ≤ 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day, 4) age 11-12 Male 100.75 mg, female 98 mg

Table 9

Daily caffeine intake according to general characteristics

1) Mean ± SD, 2) Significant differences for each group measured by on way ANOVA

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Table 10

Daily caffeine intake according to perceptions of caffeine in childrens

1) Mean ± SD, 2) Significant differences for each group measured by on way ANOVA

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 001

Notes

This work was supported by grants of Hoseo University (2007-0387).

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