The Assessment for Nutrient Intakes of Korean Patients with Heart Failure

Hyeran Lee; Borum Kang; Hye Kyung Chung; Hyun Joo Do; Jeeseon Shim; Soon Hwa Bae; Seok-Min Kang; Min-Jeong Shin

doi:10.4163/kjn.2010.43.3.224

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Lee, Kang, Chung, Do, Shim, Bae, Kang, and Shin: The Assessment for Nutrient Intakes of Korean Patients with Heart Failure

Research Article

Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2010; 43(3): 224-232.

Published online: 30 June 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2010.43.3.224

The Assessment for Nutrient Intakes of Korean Patients with Heart Failure

Hyeran Lee¹, Borum Kang¹, Hye Kyung Chung², Hyun Joo Do¹, Jeeseon Shim³, Soon Hwa Bae⁴, Seok-Min Kang⁵, Min-Jeong Shin¹

¹Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Korea.

²Department of Nutrition Services, Youngdong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea.

³Division of Chronic Disease Surveillance, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul 122-701, Korea.

⁴Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea.

⁵Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (mjshin@korea.ac.kr)

Received 12 January 2009 Revised 10 August 2009 Accepted 31 August 2009

Abstract

The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is increasing globally and growing evidence has shown that dietary factors play an important role in preventing and improving prognosis of HF. However, little data on nutrient intake in Korean HF patients which are available to develop dietary guidelines for HF. The aims of this study were to estimate nutrient intake in 78 HF patients and evaluate whether the estimated nutrient intake is appropriate compared to dietary reference intake for Koreans. Data are presented as the ratio of actual intake and estimated average requirement (EAR) for each nutrient. The result showed that the average nutrient intakes including total energy and protein met EAR in total patients. However, the deficiencies in mineral and vitamin intakes were found. Moreover, the proportion of subjects with lower intake than EAR was substantial. The results showed that the proportion of male HF patients with inferior intakes to EAR in calcium, potassium (compared to adequate intake: AI), folate and vitamin B₁₂ were 38%, 79%, 38%, and 65%, respectively. Also, the proportion of female HF patients with inferior intakes to EAR in calcium, potassium (compared to AI), folate and vitamin B₁₂ were 35%, 88%, 38% and 40%, respectively. In particular, the elderly with HF (≥ 70 yrs, n = 28) showed more serious deficiencies in calcium, potassium (compared to AI), folate and vitamin B₁₂. In summary, the intakes of potassium, calcium, folate, and vitamin B₁₂ were not sufficient to meet EAR in HF patients. Furthermore, the proportions of subjects with lower intake than EAR in these nutrients were substantial, raising the possibility that these micronutrients may be involved in the pathogenesis of HF. Practical dietary guideline for HF patients is needed to improve prognosis of HF.

Keywords: heart failure, micronutrients deficiency, dietary reference intakes

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

The proportion of HF subjects with inadequate nutrient intakes for EAR. ^*: The proportion of HF subjects with inadequate nutrient intake for AI. EAR: estimated average requirements, AI: adequate intake.

Fig. 2

The proportion of older (> = 70 yr) HF subjects with inadequate nutrient intakes for EAR. ^*: The proportion of HF subjects with inadequate nutrient intake for AI. EAR: estimated average requirements, AI: adequate intake.

Table 1

General characteristics of total subjects

mean ± S.D. NSR: normal sinus rhythm, A-Fib: atrial fibrillation, LVH: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Table 2

The comparisons of macro-nutrients and mineral intakes for DRI in total HF patients (n=78)

1) Value of median ± SD

2) EER: estimated energy requirements

3) EAR: estimated average requirements

4) AI: adequate intake

DRI: dietary reference intake

Table 3

The comparisons of vitamin intakes for DRI in total HF patients (n = 78)

1) Value of median ± SD

2) EAR: estimated average requirements

3) AI: adequate intake

DRI: dietary reference intake

Table 4

The comparisons of nutrient intakes for adults (n = 50) and elderly (n = 28) HF patients

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