Journal List > Korean J Nutr > v.42(2) > 1043746

TOOLS
Kim and Kim: A Survey on Added Sugar Intakes from Snacks and Participation Behaviors of Special Event Days Sharing Sweet Foods among Adolescents in Korea
Original Article
Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2009; 42(2): 135-145.

Published online: 31 March 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.2.135

A Survey on Added Sugar Intakes from Snacks and Participation Behaviors of Special Event Days Sharing Sweet Foods among Adolescents in Korea

Hyun-Ju Kim*, Sun-Hyo Kim**

*Department of Home Economics Education, Graduate School of Education, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Korea.

**Department of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (shkim@kongju.ac.kr)

Received 22 November 2008       Revised 29 January 2009       Accepted 16 March 2009

© 2009 The Korean Nutrition Society

Abstract

This study was performed to investigate added sugar intakes from processed food-snacks and participation behaviors of special event days sharing sweet foods among adolescents in Korea. Questionnaire survey (n = 959), dietary survey (n = 71) by food record method for 3 days, and snack survey (n = 230) for 3 days were carried out, and subjects were overlapped among three surveys. As a result, middle school students (MS) preferred milks and fermented milks while high school students (HS) preferred breads and fast foods as a snack (p < 0.01). MS and HS took snacks three to six times a week, and HS took snacks more frequently than MS (p < 0.05). Most subjects participated in special event days sharing sweet foods such as friend's birthday (68.4%), Peppro's day (61.5%) and Valentine's day (42.6%). As for merits of these events, MS said 'they could get along with their friends' and 'relieve stress', while HS said 'they could enjoy their own events' and 'confess their affection to whom they like' (p < 0.01). A group of cookies, biscuits, breads and, cakes was major source of added sugars followed by beverages, sweet jellies of red bean, chocolates and candies for subjects. For MS and HS, daily total added sugar intakes from whole processed food-snacks were 30.5 ± 23.5 g/d (3.0-137.9 g/d) and 31.7 ± 23.2 g/d (1.2-126.1 g/d), and ratios of daily total energy taken from added sugars of whole processed food-snacks in proportion to daily total energy taken from diet (energy percent of added sugars from snacks) were 6.3 ± 4.7% (0.6-26.1%) and 6.3 ± 4.4% (0.3-23.9%), respectively. These results showed that subjects frequently participated in special event days sharing sweet foods. In addition, energy percent of added sugars from snacks was more than the UL suggested by WHO/FAO for some subjects. Therefore, it is highly critical to monitor adolescents' sugar intakes on a long-term basis and to take nutritional management on their high sugar intakes.

Keywords: snacks, added sugar intakes, special event days, sweet foods, adolescents

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
Participation ratios of each special event day sharing sweet foods by subjects.
kjn-42-135-g001
Fig. 2
Distribution of daily total intakes of added sugars from whole processed food-snacks by subjects.
kjn-42-135-g002
Fig. 3
Distribution of ratios of daily total energy taken from added sugars of whole processed food-snacks to daily total energy taken from diet1) by subjects. 1) Dietary energy intakes of 2,110.6 kcal/d for males and 1,794.0 kcal/d for females were applied, these values were obtained from the present study.
kjn-42-135-g003
Table 1
General characteristics of subjects for questionnaire survey
kjn-42-135-i001

1) Rural area (EupㆍMyeon): 18 areas-Yeoju, Gapyeong, Cheorwon, Pyeongchang, Yeongdong, Jincheon, Gongju, Dangjin, Wanju, Gimje, Yeosu, Boseong, Gimcheon, Gyeongju, Hapcheon, Geochang, Seogwipo, Cheju

2) Small city: 19 areas-Pyeongtaek, Ansan, Goyang, Yangju, Suwon, Taebaek, Chuncheon, Cheongju, Jecheon, Gongju, Iksan, Jeonju, Yeosu, Suncheon, Gyeongsan, Yeongju, Geoje, Jinju, Cheju

3) Large city: 7 areas-Seoul, Daejeon, Incheon, Busan, Gwangju, Ulsan, Daegu

Table 2
Behaviors of snack consumption of subjects
kjn-42-135-i002

1) Number of subject. 2) Percentage of column total. 3) Percentage of total

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001

Table 3
Daily nutrient intakes and their ratios of KDRI of middle school students
kjn-42-135-i003

1) KDRI21) for males and females of 12-14 years of age. 2) Mean ± SD

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001. NS: Not significant at α= 0.05

Table 4
Participation behaviors of special event days sharing sweet foods by subjects
kjn-42-135-i004

1) Number of subject. 2) Percentage of column total. 3) Percentage of total

**: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001. NS: Not significant at α= 0.05

Table 5
Daily intakes of added sugars from processed food-snacks and their energy ratios of subjects
kjn-42-135-i005

1) Mean ± SD. 2) Range

3) Ratios of daily total energy taken from added sugars of whole processed food-snacks by subjects to daily total energy taken from diet that was obtained through the present study (2,110.6 kcal/d for males and 1,794.0 kcal/d for females)

4) From the reference of Cho et al4)

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01. NS: Not significant at α= 0.05

References

1. Lee YS, Lim HS, Ahn HS, Chang NS. Nutrition through the Life Cycle. 2007. Seoul: Kyomoonsa;275–307.
2. Choi SK, Choi HJ, Chang NS, Cho SH, Choi YS, Park HK, Joung HJ. Snacking behaviors of middle and high school students in Seoul. Korean J Community Nutrition. 2008. 13(2):199–206.
3. Kim SH, Lee OH, Lee HS, Joe JY. Nutrition and Exercise. 2007. Seoul: Powerbook;43–73.
4. Cho SH, Chung CE, Kim SH, Chung HK. Establishment of total sugar reference value for Koreans. Korean J Nutr. 2007. 40:Suppl. 3–8.
5. Chung CE. Dietary intakes and food sources of total sugars from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002. Korean J Nutr. 2007. 40:Suppl. 9–21.
6. Block G, Dresser CM, Hartman AM, Carroll MD. Nutrient sources in the American diet: quantitative data from the NHANES II survey. I. Vitamins and minerals. Am J Epidemiol. 1985. 122(1):13–26.
crossref
7. Block G, Dresser CM, Hartman AM, Carroll MD. Nutrient sources in the American diet: quantitative data from the NHANES II survey. II. Macronutrients and fats. Am J Epidemiol. 1985. 122(1):27–40.
crossref
8. Rural Development Administration. Food Composition Table. 2006. 7th edition. Seoul:
9. Korea Rural Economic Institute. Food Supply Table. 2006. Seoul:
10. Kim SH, Chung HK. Sugar supply and intake of Koreans. Korean J Nutr. 2007. 40:Suppl. 22–28.
11. Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Food Supply Table. 1962-1990. Seoul:
12. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. A report of the WHO study group on diet, nutrition and prevention of noncommunicable diseases. Nutr Rev. 1991. 49(10):291–301.
13. 2005 Report on Statistical Analysis of Education. Korean Educational Development Institute. 2005. Seoul:
14. Yi NY, Kwak TK, Lee KE. Food habits and nutrient intakes by self-reported food consumption of middle and high school students in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Gyeongnam area. Korean J Food Culture. 2006. 21(5):473–480.
15. Han SS, Kim HY, Kim WK, Oh SY, Won HS, Lee HS, Jang YA, Kim SH. The relationships among household characteristics, nutrient intake status and academic achievements of primary, middle and high school students. Korean J Nutr. 1999. 32(6):691–704.
16. Ministry of Health and Welfare. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2005. Seoul:
17. Kim SH, Lee SH, Hwang YJ, Kim WY. Exposure assessment of vitamins and minerals from various sources of Koreans. Korean J Nutr. 2006. 39(6):539–548.
18. Park SS. Sugar intake and dietary behavior of children with and without school lunch program [master thesis]. 1994. Cheonan: Hoseo University.
19. Han JH, Kim SH. Vitaminㆍmineral supplement use and related variables by Korean adolescents. Korean J Nutr. 1999. 32(3):268–276.
20. Yang JK, Kim SH. Patterns of fortified food use among teenagers in Chungnam province and Daejeon city in Korea. Korean J Food Culture. 2004. 19(4):447–459.
21. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. 2005. Seoul:
22. Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Database of Sugar Content. 2006. Seoul:
23. A survey on safety of beverage and fermented milks of kids. Korea Consumer Agency. 2006. Seoul:
24. Rural Development Administration. Food Composition Table. 2001. 6th ed. Seoul:
25. Lee YM, Han MS. Nutritional knowledge and eating behavior of high school students in Sungnam area. Korean J Dietary Culture. 1996. 11(3):305–316.
27. Song YM. Snacking pattern and it's related factors especially with smoking behaviour of high school student's in Chungnam & Daejeon area [master thesis]. 2007. Daejeon: Chungnam National University.
28. Chung HK, Park SK. The Effect of sugar intake on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of school children. Korean J Nutr. 1995. 28(7):644–652.
TOOLS
Similar articles