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Oh: A Strategy for Safe Addition of Selected Micronutrients to Foods for Children∗
Original Article

Korean J Nutr 2009;42(2):128-134.

Published online: 8 January 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.2.128

A Strategy for Safe Addition of Selected Micronutrients to Foods for Children∗

Se-Young Oh§

Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea

∗ Supported by the Kyung Hee University Research grant, 2005 (Principal investigator Se-Young Oh).

§To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: seyoung@khu.ac.kr

      Revised 12 January 200918 February 2009       Accepted 20 February 2009

Copyright © 2009 The Korean Nutrition Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

For children, voluntary addition of micronutrients to foods must be done without health risk to any of them. This study examined safe maximum levels of vitamin A and C, and calcium for children based on nutrient intake data from the 2001-2002 and 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in Korea, while using the safe strategy for addition of micronutrients to foods suggested by EU. For the respective 2001-2002 and 2005 NHANES data proportions of potentially fortifiable energy intake ranged 0.36-0.40 and 0.31-0.34 and the 95th percentile intake of energy were 2,325-3,296 kcal and 2,286-3,814 kcal depending upon age groups. Ninety-fifth percentile intake levels of vitamin A were over or close to UL, even without considering supplement intake for some age groups, which suggest that vitamin A fortification to foods required further consideration. For calcium, 12-14 year old children were the most sensitive group for excessive intake and nutrient fortification to foods. In these children, maximum levels for fortification were 242-290 mg and 484-580 mg with 0.135 and 0.068 proportions of fortified food (PFF) assumed, respectively, without considering calcium intake from supplements. With consideration of calcium intake from both diet and supplement, the maximum levels for fortification were 20-36% of those without supplement intake. The maximum fortification levels of vitamin C were the lowest in 3-5 year old children, showing 77-187 mg and 68-164 mg with and without supplement intake, respectively. These results suggest that the model used for risk assessment in this study can be used to help risk managers to set maximum levels for safe addition of micronutrients to foods.

Keywords: micronutrients, fortification, food, maximum fortification levels

REFERENCES

1). Oh SY. A study on th development of nutrient fortification guidelines for conventional foods. Final report, Korea Food and Drug Administration. 2004.
2). Institute of Medicine, National Academy. Dietary Reference Intakes: guiding principles for nutrition labelling and fortification. National Academy Press;Washington DC: 2004.
3). Health Canada. Addition of Vitamins and Minerals to Foods. 2005.
4). European Commission. Regulation of the European parliament and of the council on the addition of vitamins and minerals and of certain other substances to foods. 2003.
5). Export group on vitamins and minerals. Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals. Food Standards Agency, London. 2003.
6). Food Standard Agency New Zealand. Fortification Implementation Framework: Addition of Vitamins and Minerals to Food. F. S. A. N. Zealand. 2005.
7). Chung HR, Oh SY. Estimation of safe maximum levels of vitamins and minerals to foods. Korean J Nutr. 2006; 39(7):692–698.
8). Ministry of Health and Welfare. Reports on the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Gwachun, Kyonggi-do, Korea: Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2006.
9). Korea Food and Drug Administration. A Comprehensive plan for Food Safety of the Children. Available from. http://www.kfda.go.kr/open_content/administrative/nspector_view.php?seq=212&kind=1&menucode=101006000.
10). Rasmussen SE, Anderson NL, Dragsted LO, Larsen JC. A safe strategy for addition of vitamins and minerals to foods. Eur J Nutr. 2006; 54:123–135.
crossref
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12). The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Seoul. 2005.
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crossref
14). Oh SY. Development of national food fortification implement framework in Korea. Final report, Korea Food and Drug Administration. 2006.

Table 1.
Proportion (%) of energy intake from fortifiable foods (PFF) and 95th percentile energy intake by age group
Age group (yr) n 95th energy intake % potentially fortifiable energy Proportion of foods fortified (PFF)
50% produc t, 90% consumer 50% produc t, 45% consumer
2001-2 NHANES
03-06 693 2325 0.40 0.18 0.09
06-09 760 2554 0.37 0.17 0.08
09-12 821 2957 0.36 0.16 0.08
12-15 695 3296 0.36 0.16 0.08
15-20 933 3172 0.36 0.16 0.08
2005 NHANES
03-06 403 2286 0.34 0.15 0.08
06-09 423 2827 0.31 0.14 0.07
09-12 466 3079 0.31 0.14 0.07
12-15 455 3545 0.31 0.14 0.07
15-20 520 3813 0.33 0.15 0.07
Table 2.
Safe maximum levels of vitamin A that can be added to foods per 100 kcal by age group
Age group n RI 1) UL 2) 95 th Maximum allowance 3) Proportion of foods fortified (PFF)
Excluding supplement Including supplement Excluding supplement Including supplement
50% P 4), 90% C 5) 50% P 45% C 50% P, 90% C 50% P, 45% C
2001-2 NHANES
03-05 693 300 0700 0805 -105 -405 000 00 00 000
06-08 760 400 1000 0844 157 -244 037 074 00 000
09-11 821 550 1400 1167 233 -317 049 097 00 000
12-14 695 700 2100 1202 898 -198 168 336 37 074
15-19 933 850 2400 1239 1161 -311 226 452 61 121
2005 NHANES
03-05 403 300 0700 1148 -448 -748 000 000 00 000
06-08 423 400 1000 1304 -304 -704 000 000 00 000
09-11 466 550 1400 1496 -96 -646 000 000 00 000
12-14 455 700 2100 1768 332 -368 067 134 00 000
15-19 520 850 2400 1674 726 -124 128 256 00 000

1) Recommended Intake

2) Tolerable Upper Intake level

3) UL-95th nutrient intake

4) P: Produc ts fortified

5) C : consumers chosen fortified products

Table 3.
Safe maximum levels of calcium that can be added to foods per100 kcal by age group
Age group n RI 1) UL 2) 95 th Maximum allowance 3) Proportion of foods fortified (PFF) +
Excluding supplement Including supplement Excluding supplement Including supplement
50% P,4) 90% C5) 50% P, 45% C 50% P, 90% C 50% P, 45% C
2001-2 NHANES
03-05 693 0600 2500 0796 1704 1104 407 814 264 528
06-08 760 0700 2500 0863 1637 0937 385 770 220 441
09-11 821 0800 2500 0943 1557 0757 325 650 158 316
12-14 695 1000 2500 0951 1550 0550 290 580 103 206
15-19 933 1000 2500 0873 1627 0627 317 633 122 244
2005 NHANES
03-05 403 0600 2500 1083 1417 0817 405 810 234 467
06-08 423 0700 2500 1048 1452 0752 368 736 191 381
09-11 466 0800 2500 1109 1391 0591 324 648 138 275
12-14 455 1000 2500 1257 1243 0243 251 503 049 098
15-19 520 1000 2500 1130 1370 0370 242 484 65 131

1) Recommended Intake

2) Tolerable Upper Intake level

3) UL-95th nutrient intake

4) P: Produc ts fortified

5) C : C onsumers chosen fortified products

Table 4.
Safe maximum levels of vitamin C that can be added to foods per 100kcal by age group
Age group n RI 1) UL 2) 95 th Maximum allowance 3) Proportion of foods fortified (PFF)
Excluding supplement Including supplement Excluding supplement Including supplement
50% P, 90% C 4) 50% P, 45% C 50% P, 90% C 50% P, 45% C
2001-2 NHANES
03-05 693 040 0500 177 0323 0283 077 154 068 135
06-08 760 060 0700 179 0522 0462 123 245 109 217
09-11 821 070 1000 248 0752 0682 157 314 142 285
12-14 695 100 1400 200 1200 1100 225 449 206 412
15-19 933 110 1600 228 1372 1262 267 534 246 491
2005 NHANES
03-05 403 040 0500 173 0327 0287 093 187 082 164
06-08 423 060 0700 221 0479 0419 121 243 106 212
09-11 466 070 1000 229 0771 0701 180 359 163 326
12-14 455 100 1400 252 1148 1048 232 464 212 424
15-19 520 110 1600 283 1317 1207 233 465 213 426

1) Recommended Intake

2) Tolerable Upper Intake level

3) UL-95th nutrient intake

4) P: Products fortified

5) C: Consumers chosen fortified products

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