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Kim: Recommended Intake and Dietary Intake of Vitamin A for Koreans by Unit of Retinol Activity Equivalent
Research Article

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2016; 21(4): 344-353.

Published online: 31 August 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.344

Recommended Intake and Dietary Intake of Vitamin A for Koreans by Unit of Retinol Activity Equivalent

Youngnam Kim

Department of Home Economics Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Korea.

Corresponding author: Youngnam Kim. Department of Home Economics Education, Korea National University of Education, 250, Taeseongtabyeon-ro, Gangnaemyeon, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28173, Korea. Tel: (043) 230-3709, Fax: (043) 231-4087, youngnam@knue.ac.kr

Received 27 June 2016       Revised 25 July 2016       Accepted 16 August 2016

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

New retinol activity equivalent (RAE) was introduced as vitamin A unit in Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Koreans 2015. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of 2015 reference intake (RI) of vitamin A in RAE unit by the comparison with RI and dietary intake of vitamin A.

Methods

Analyses on RI of vitamin A were based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans (1962~2000) and DRIs for Koreans (2005~2015). Analyses on Koreans dietary intake of vitamin A were based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) reports (1969-2014). For recalculation of RI and dietary intake of vitamin A in RE to RAE, 2013 Koreans intake of retinol: carotenoids ratio of 13: 87 was applied.

Results

RI of vitamin A was 600~750 RE for Korean adult, and 339~425 RAE when calculated by applying the retinol and carotenoids intake ratio. Vitamin A intakes of Koreans were <100% RI, 267~668 RE from 1969 to 2001. From 2005, vitamin A intake had increased to >700 RE, >100% RI. When vitamin A intake was converted from RE to RAE (2005~2014), 718~864 RE became 405.8~488.1 RAE, decreased to 56.5% level. The recent 2015 RI of vitamin A is 850 RAE, two times of 2005 & 2010 RI of 425 RAE for adult male.

Conclusions

When nutritional status of vitamin A was assessed for Koreans using the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 2015 (570, 460 RAE for male, female adults, respectively), ratio of deficient people increased significantly when judged based on the previous intake of Koreans, <490 RAE. We needs to examine the 2015 RI (EAR) of vitamin A, find a way to measure the accurate intake of dietary vitamin A, and to increase the dietary intake of this vitamin.

Keywords: IU, RE, RAE, recommended intake of vitamin A, dietary intake of vitamin A

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Vitamin A intake from 1969 to 2014 (Data of 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002-2004, and 2006 are not shown because of no survey done)

kjcn-21-344-g001
Fig. 2

Vitamin A intake by %RI from 1979 to 2014

kjcn-21-344-g002
Table 1

Retinol and β-carotene intake for Koreans by RAE unit

kjcn-21-344-i001

1) Data from Korea Health Statistics 2013 [5]

2) Data from Food Composition Table [2]

Table 2

Retinol and carotenoids weight by IU, RE, and RAE unit

kjcn-21-344-i002
Table 3

Criteria for requirement and recommended intake establishment of vitamin A for Korean adults

kjcn-21-344-i003

1) % of the requirement

Table 4

Recommended intake of vitamin A for Korean adults in RDA (DRI)

kjcn-21-344-i004

1) 1,000 IU from retinol+4,000 IU from β-carotene, 2) Retinol, 3) β-carotene, 4) Male [female]

Table 5

Recommended intake ratio of retinol and β-carotene in RDA (DRI) for Korean adults

kjcn-21-344-i005
Table 6

Recommended intake of vitamin A by RAE unit

kjcn-21-344-i006

1) Calculated value of RI in IU to RE

2) Male [female]

3) Retinol: carotenoids

Table 7

Vitamin A intake of Korean adults by RAE unit applying the retinol and carotenoids intake ratio of 13% and 87%

kjcn-21-344-i007

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ORCID iDs

Youngnam Kim
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-1812

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