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Yoon and Song: Vitamin D intake, Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-OH Vitamin D Concentrations of Korean Postmenopausal Women by Season and by Age
Research Article

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2015; 20(2): 120-128.

Published online: 30 April 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.2.120

Vitamin D intake, Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-OH Vitamin D Concentrations of Korean Postmenopausal Women by Season and by Age

Jin-Sook Yoon, Min-Kyoung Song

Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

Corresponding author: Jin-Sook Yoon. Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, 1000 Shindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Korea. Tel: (053) 580-5873, Fax: (053) 580-5885, jsook@kmu.ac.kr

Received 24 March 2015       Revised 24 April 2015       Accepted 28 April 2015

Copyright © 2015 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative impact of seasonal differences and age on dietary vitamin D intakes, outdoor activity time and serum vitamin D status among Korean postmenopausal women.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 164 free-living postmenopausal women (mean age=55.4 years) in Daegu, Korea. Dietary intake, daily physical activity patterns and fasting blood samples were collected during summer and winter. We compared the results from 75 women during summer and 89 women during winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24-hour recall method. Daily outdoor activity time was derived from physical activity diary.

Results

The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants was 3.7 µg during summer, 3.3 µg during winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. The average time spent on outdoor activities was not significantly different between summer (=35.1 ± 75.0 min/d) and winter (=48.5 ± 76.8 min/d). The average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentrations of participants was 17.5 ± 7.5 ng/mL in the summer and 13.4 ± 4.3 ng/mL in the winter, showing no significant differences by season. Dietary intake of vitamin D was not related to age. When total subjects were divided into two groups by age, the average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentration was significantly higher in older group (p=0.047) and time spent on outdoor activities was also (p=0.018) significantly higher in the older group.

Conclusions

In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean postmenopausal women, nutrition education programs should focus more on adequate intake of vitamin D, while maintaining enough outdoor activities over the season.

Keywords: postmenopausal women, vitamin D intake, 25-OH-vitamin D, outdoor activities

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Physical characteristics of subjects by season

kjcn-20-120-i001

1) p-value: Independent sample t-test

2) Mean±SD

3) Range of values indicates (minimum~maximum).

4) Body mass index

5) Bone mineral density

Table 2

Bone health status of subjects by season

kjcn-20-120-i002

1) T-score ≥ -1.0

2) N (%)

3) -1.0 < T-score < -2.5

4) NS: statistically not significant by chi-square test

5) T-score ≤ -2.5

Table 3

Daily energy and nutrients intake of subjects by season

kjcn-20-120-i003

1) %KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; %AI (Adequate intake) for Na, vitamin D, % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients.

2) p-value: Independent sample t-test

3) Mean±SD

4) Range of values indicates (minimum~maximum).

Table 4

Time spent on outdoor activities by season

kjcn-20-120-i004

1) p-value: Independent sample t-test.

2) Mean±SD

Table 5

Serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentrations by season

kjcn-20-120-i005

1) Mean±SD

2) p-value: Independent sample t-test

3) Vitamin D status: classified by Holick (2007)

4) N (%)

5) p-value: chi-square test

Table 6

Comparison of BMD, dietary intake, serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D and outdoor activities by age groups

kjcn-20-120-i006

1) p-value: Independent sample t-test

2) Mean±SD

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Reserch Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST 2010-0241)

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