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Jeong, Park, Ahn, Kim, and Kim: The Effects of Low-sodium Diet Education Program on Dietary Habits, Diet Quality and Obesity Index in Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women
Research Article

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2014; 19(6): 513-526.

Published online: 31 December 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.6.513

The Effects of Low-sodium Diet Education Program on Dietary Habits, Diet Quality and Obesity Index in Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women

Soo Bin Jeong, Seoyun Park, Sohyun Ahn, Jin Nam Kim, Hye-Kyeong Kim

Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hye-Kyeong Kim. Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Jibongro 43, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Korea. Tel: (02) 2164-4314, Fax: (02) 2164-4314, hkyeong@catholic.ac.kr

Received 27 October 2014       Revised 15 December 2014       Accepted 23 December 2014

Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of low sodium diet education program on dietary habits, diet quality, and measures of obesity in overweight or obese middle-aged women.

Methods

Subjects were 81 individuals aged 45 years or over, who completed an 8-week nutrition education. The subjects were divided into a normal group (N = 30) and an overweight-obese group (N = 51) according to the BMI. The effects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement, biochemical analysis, questionnaire, and diet records before and after the program.

Results

Overweight-obese group showed significant decreases in weight (p < 0.0001), BMI (p < 0.0001), percent of body fat (p = 0.0087), waist circumference (p < 0.0001), systolic (p = 0.0003) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0261). Nutrients intakes were not different between the two groups and only sodium intake was decreased after education. Total score of general dietary habits, dietary behavior related to sodium intake, dietary diversity score (DDS), diet variety score (DVS), and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) were improved in both groups compared to the baseline. Overweight-obese group showed significant improvement in 'having fruits everyday', 'having fish everyday', 'trying to eat many kinds of food', 'eating less broth when eating soup, stew, and noodles', 'eating less kimchi and salt-fermented vegetable', and 'propensity to think that dishes should be pretty seasoned'. In addition, moderation of empty calories food (p = 0.0064) and macronutrient ratio (p = 0.0004) were improved in the overweigh-obese group, but in the normal group, the results did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

These results suggested that low sodium diet education program may contribute to obesity management by improving diet quality and dietary habits in middle-aged women.

Keywords: diet quality, obesity index, low sodium dietary education program, middle-aged women

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
The protocol of the study.
kjcn-19-513-g001
Table 1
Components of the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I)
kjcn-19-513-i001

Adapted from Yun et al. (2009)

1) The criteria of score is based on the RI value for Korean

2) RI: recommended intakes

3) Ratio of energy from carbohydrate to protein to fat following DRIs for Korean

4) P/S: ratio of PUFA to SFA intake

5) M/S: ratio of MUFA to SFA intake

6) MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids

7) SFA: saturated fatty acids

Table 2
General characteristics of the study subjects
kjcn-19-513-i002

1) p value by t-test or chi-sqaure test between groups, 2) Mean±SD, 3) N (%)

Table 3
The changes in anthropometric, blood pressure and biochemical characteristics according to BMI classification
kjcn-19-513-i003

1) p value by paired t-test within groups, 2) p value by t-test between groups at pre-education stage, 3) p value by t-test between groups at post-education stage, 4) Mean±SD, 5) NS : not significant, 6) BMI; body mass index, 7) PBF; percentage of body fat 8) WC; waist circumference, 9) SBP; systolic blood pressure, 10) DBP; diastolic blood pressure, 11) FBS; fasting blood sugar, 12) TC; total cholesterol, 13) AI; atherogenic index, 14) FFA; free fatty acid

Table 4
The dietary intake changes of the subjects after low-sodium diet education according to BMI classification
kjcn-19-513-i004

1) p value by paired t-test within groups

2) p value by t-test between groups at pre-education stage

3) p value by t-test between groups at post-education stage

4) Mean±SD

5) NS: not significance

Table 5
The change in general dietary habits of the subjects after low-sodium diet education according to BMI classification
kjcn-19-513-i005

1) p value by paired t-test within groups

2) p value by t-test between groups at pre-education stage

3) p value by t-test between groups at post-education stage

4) Mean±SD

5) NS: not significance

Score: 0.5 = less than once a week, 3 = 2-4 times a week, 5 = 5 times a week (Question 3, 5, 11, 15~19 are inverse-coded)

Table 6
The changes in dietary behavior associated with sodium after low-sodium diet education according to BMI classification
kjcn-19-513-i006

1) p value by paired t-test within groups

2) p value by t-test between groups at pre-education stage

3) p value by t-test between groups at post-education stage

4) Mean±SD

5) NS: not significance

Score: Yes = 0, No = 1

Table 7
The changes in dietary diversity score (DDS) and dietary variety score (DVS) after low-sodium diet education according to BMI classification
kjcn-19-513-i007

1) p value by paired t-test or chi-square test within groups

2) p value by t-test or chi-square test between groups at pre-education stage

3) p value by t-test or chi-square test between groups at post-education stage

4) Values are Mean±SD

5) NS: not significant

6) N (%)

Table 8
DQI-I score change of the subjects after low-sodium diet education according to BMI classification
kjcn-19-513-i008

1) p value by paired t-test within groups

2) p value by t-test between groups at pre-education stage

3) p value by t-test between groups at post-education stage

4) This score means perfect score of each evaluation standard presented in Table 1

5) Mean±SD

6) NS: not significant

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