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Abstract
Objectives
Intake of fruits and vegetables has protective effects against stroke attack. This study intended to examine the status of consuming fruits and vegetables and to find out which factors may influence the frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables in individuals with a history of stroke.
Methods
The data of 208 subjects from 5th (2010, 2011) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) who reported a stroke diagnosis was used for analysis. To identify major factors influencing the consumption of fruits and vegetables, a classification-tree analysis was carried out.
Results
Among those who reported a stroke diagnosis, the frequencies of consumption of fruits and vegetables were influenced by their age, place of residence (urban or rural), economic status, educational level, occupation, number of family members, frequency of eating out, and having meals (breakfast or lunch) with family members. Two factors from fruits and three factors from vegetables were generated by exploratory factor analyses. Urban residents ate fruits and vegetables more frequently in all factors than rural residents. Eating frequencies of 'seasonal fruits (orange, apple, strawberry, melon, pear and watermelon)', 'easily-accessible fruits (persimmon, tangerine, grape, peach, banana)', and 'Western-style vegetables (cabbage, mushroom, carrot, tomato, spinach)' were influenced by the socioeconomic status. Eating frequencies of 'Korean-style vegetables (bean sprout, radish leaves, pumpkin/squash, sea weed)', 'preserved vegetables (Korean cabbage, radish, laver, cucumber)' were influenced by having breakfast with amily members.
Conclusions
The results of this study suggested that by eating more fruits and vegetables, more preventive effects against secondary stroke attack are expected in stroke patients who live in the rural areas and who do not eat breakfast with family members. In addition, more outreach and education programs are needed for them.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
A classification tree model for fruit consumption frequency.
Fruit 1: Seasonal fruits (orange, apple, strawberry, melon, pear, watermelon), Fruit 2: Easily-accessible fruits (persimmon, tangerine, grape, peach, banana), 1) Mean ± SD, sum of the consumption frequency scores for each fruit (0: rarely eat, 1: 6~7 times/year, 2: 1 time/month, 3: 2~3 times/month, 4: 1 time/week, 5: 2~3 times/week, 6: 4~6 times/week, 7: 1 time/day, 8: 2 times/day, 9: 3 times/day) The maximum scores are 54 (F1) and 45 (F2) for each. 2) N (%)
*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001
Fig. 2
A classification tree model for vegetable consumption frequency.
Vegetable 1: Western-style vegetables (cabbage, mushrooms, carrot, tomato, spinach), Vegetable 2: Korean-style vegetables (bean sprout, radish leaves, pumpkin/squash, seaweed), Vegetable 3: Preserved vegetables (Korean cabbage, radish, laver, cucumber), 1) Mean ± SD, of the consumption frequency scores for each vegetable (0: rarely eat, 1: 6~7 times/year, 2: 1 time/month, 3: 2~3 times/ month, 4: 1 time/week, 5: 2~3 times/week, 6: 4~6 times/week, 7: 1 time/day, 8: 2 times/day, 9: 3 times/day) The maximum scores are 45 (V1), 36 (V2), 36 (V3) for each. 2) N (%)
*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001
Table 2
Fruit and vegetable consumption frequency by characteristics of the study subjects
1) The consumption frequency score of a factor is sum of the scores for each food (0: rarely eat, 1: 6~7 times/year, 2: 1 time/month, 3: 2~3 times/month, 4: 1 time/week, 5: 2~3 times/week, 6: 4~6 times/week, 7: 1 time/day, 8: 2 times/day, 9: 3 times/day) included in the factor (Fruit 1: seasonal fruits, orange, apple, strawberry, melon, pear, watermelon, Fruit 2: easily-accessible fruits, persimmon, tangerine, grape, peach, banana, Vegetable 1: Western-style vegetables, cabbage, mushrooms, carrot, tomato, spinach, Vegetable 2: Korean-style vegetables, bean sprout, radish leaves, pumpkin/squash, seaweed, Vegetable 3: preserved vegetables, Korean cabbage, radish, laver, cucumber).
2) Mean ± SD
abc: Values with Different superscripts in a column are significantly different by Scheffe's multiple range test (p < 0.05).
*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001
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