Jae Ok Koo; Myung Sook Kim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.4.328

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Koo and Kim: Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Biochemical Index and Nutrient Intakes of 30–70 Years Old Women -Based on 2011 KNHANES–

Research Article

Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(4):328-341.

Published online: 20 January 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.4.328

Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Biochemical Index and Nutrient Intakes of 30–70 Years Old Women -Based on 2011 KNHANES–

Jae Ok Koo^†, Myung Sook Kim

Department of Home Economics, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea

^†Corresponding author Jae Ok Koo Department of Home Economic, Korea National Open University, Jonroku Dongsungdong 169, Seoul 110-791, Korea Tel: (02) 3668-4643 Fax: (02) 3668-4188 E-mail: cokoo@knou.ac.kr

This research was supported by grants from Korea National Open University 2013 the second half.

Received 7 July 2014 Revised 1 August 2014 Accepted 5 August 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was carried out to investigate bone mineral density (BMD), blood pressure, age and biochemical index and nutrient intakes, and to analyze the relationship between BMD, blood pressure, biochemical index, nutrient intakes of Korean women.

Methods

The study subjects were 499 women with a age range of 30–79 years living in Seoul and Kyunggi area who participated in 2011 KNHANES. The study subjects were divided into 5 age groups: 30 years (145), 40 years (110), 50 years (102), 60 years (85) and 70 years (57), and 3 BMD groups: normal 258 (50.4%), osteopenia 163 (32.9%) and osteoporosis 78 (16.7%).

Results

The average waist circumference, BMI and body fat increased with age, but fat free mass decreased with age. Average BMD and T-score was decreased from 0.84, 0.74 g/cm² in 30 years to 0.05, −1.05 g/cm² in 70 years. The rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis increased significantly 22% in 30∼40 years, 47% in 50 years and 56% in 60∼70 years. Systolic blood pressure and cholesterol were significantly increased with age. The rates of hypertension was significantly increased 2.1% in 30 years, 30.4% in 50 years 89.5% in 70 years. Average nutrient intakes such as protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and C were significantly decreased with age. There were significant negative correlations between age and calcium, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride.

Conclusions

In this study, we found the risk of osteoporosis and hypertension were significantly increase with over 50 years age. Calcium and protein intake decreased with age. Therefore, in order to prevent osteoporosis and hypertension, adult women need to be educated regarding the importance of protein, calcium and other nutrients in their diet.

Keywords: Bone mineral density, blood pressure, hypertension, osteoporosis, nutrient intake

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Fig. 1.

The distribution of the BMD and hypertension of the subjects by the age categories

Table 1.

Socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects by age

		30 − 39	40 − 49	50 − 59	60 − 69	70 ≥	Total	F or χ²-value
		(145)	(110)	(102)	(85)	(57)	(499)	F or χ²-value
Age		35.18 ±	44.5 ±	54.13 ±	64.28 ±	74.58 ±	54.5 ±	2,026.132∗∗∗
Age		0.23¹⁾	0.28	0.29	0.33	0.42	0.38	2,026.132∗∗∗
Education Level	Elementary	1 (60.7)²⁾	8 (67.3)	22 (21.6)	45 (52.9)	40 (70.2)		253.112∗∗∗
	Middle	2 (61.4)	7 (66.4)	23 (22.5)	14 (16.5)	7 (12.3)
	High	50 (34.5)	51 (46.4)	34 (33.3)	19 (22.4)	10 (17.5)
	University	92 (63.4)	44 (40.0)	23 (22.5)	7 (68.2)	0
Marital status	Married, cohabitation	131 (90.3)	95 (86.4)	85 (83.3)	61 (71.8)	27 (47.4)		154.326∗∗∗
	Married, Separated	1 (60.7)	1 (60.9)	0	1 (61.2)	0
	Separation by death	0	4 (63.6)	5 (64.9)	21 (24.7)	29 (50.9)
	Divorce	0	4 (63.6)	9 (68.8)	1 (61.2)	1 (61.8)
	Unmarried	13 (69.0)	6 (65.5)	3 (62.9)	1 (61.2)	0
Occupation	Office worker	33 (22.8)	24 (21.8)	16 (15.7)	2 (62.4)	1 (61.8)		975.705∗∗∗
	Service	20 (13.8)	35 (31.8)	36 (35.3)	16 (18.8)	4 (67.0)
	Housewife	92 (63.4)	50 (45.5)	46 (45.1)	63 (74.1)	48 (84.2)
	Farmers and fisherman	0	1 (60.9)	4 (63.9)	4 (64.7)	4 (67.0)
Monthly income (10,000won)	< 100	4 (62.8)	5 (64.5)	8 (67.9)	26 (30.6)	26 (45.6)
	100 − < 200	18 (12.4)	19 (17.3)	20 (19.6)	14 (16.5)	9 (15.8)		108.935∗∗∗
	200 − < 300	31 (21.4)	23 (20.9)	19 (18.6)	17 (20.0)	6 (10.5)
	300 − < 400	34 (23.4)	17 (15.5)	11 (10.8)	8 (69.4)	6 (10.5)
	≥ 400	58 (40.0)	46 (41.8)	44 (43.1)	20 (23.5)	10 (17.6)
No. of family Member	1 − 2	7 (64.8)	5 (64.5)	25 (24.5)	38 (44.7)	28 (49.1)		112.121∗∗∗
	3 − 4	107 (73.8)	94 (85.5)	63 (61.8)	39 (45.9)	17 (29.8)
	5 ≥	31 (21.4)	11 (10.0)	14 (13.7)	8 (69.4)	12 (21.1)

¹⁾ Mean ± SD 2) N (%) ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 2.

Anthropometric characteristics and body composition of the study subjects by the age categories

	30 − 39 (145)	40 − 49 (110)	50 − 59 (102)	60 − 69 (85)	70 (57) ≥	Total (499)	F or χ²-value
Height (cm)	160.1 1± 0.41¹⁾	157.45 ± 0.48	156.62 ± 0.5	155.0 1± 0.61	150.72 ± 0.59	156.86 ± 0.26	138.967∗∗∗
Weight (kg)	156.41 ± 0.75	157.56 ± 0.81	157.95 ± 0.75	159.17 ± 0.84	157.5 1± 1.1	157.57 ± 0.37	N.S
Waist circumference (cm)	173.44 ± 0.67	175.15 ± 0.73	178.06 ± 0.86	182.42 ± 0.91	184.86 ± 1.13	177.6 1± 0.41	130.364∗∗∗
BMI, kg/cm²	121.99 ± 0.27	123.21 ± 0.3	123.64 ± 0.3	124.61 ± 0.3	125.29 ± 0.44	123.42 ± 0.15	116.369∗∗∗
Fat free mass (kg)	132.39 ± 0.49	132.16 ± 0.44	133.12 ± 0.56	134.13 ± 0.59	135.13 ± 0.75	133.1 1± 0.25	113.221∗
Fat mass (kg)	118.81 ± 0.49	117.96 ± 0.39	119.41 ± 0.54	119.98 ± 0.5	119.87 ± 0.69	119.06 ± 0.23	112.471∗
Body fat (%)	132.39 ± 0.49	132.16 ± 0.44	133.12 ± 0.56	134.13 ± 0.59	135.13 ± 0.75	133.11 ± 0.25	114.069∗∗
Menopause No	106 (73.1)²⁾	80 (72.7)	38 (37.3)	15 (17.6)	0		115.199∗∗∗
Yes	39 (26.9)	30 (27.3)	64 (62.7)	70 (82.4)	57 (100.0)
BMI Underweight (BMI < 18.5)	10 (16.9)	3 (12.7)	2 (12.0)	1 (11.2)	0		171.256∗∗∗
Normal (BMI = 18.5 − 23)	95 (65.5)	55 (50.0)	45 (44.1)	22 (25.9)	15 (126.3)
Overweight (BMI = 23 − 25)	13 (19.0)	27 (24.5))	25 (24.5)	28 (32.9)	18 (131.6)
Obesity (BMI > 25.0)	27 (18.6)	25 (22.7)	30 (29.4)	34 (40.0)	24 (142.1)

¹⁾ Mean ± SD 2) N (%) ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 3.

Bone mineral density, T-score, blood pressure and biochemical variables by age

		30 − 39 (145)	40 − 49 (110)	50 − 59 (102)	60 − 69 (85)	70 (57) ≥	Total (499)	F-value
BMD (g/cm²)	Total femur	990.84 ± 0.01¹⁾	990.86 ± 0.01	990.84 ± 0.01	990.78 ± 0.01	990.74 ± 90.02	990.82 ± 0.01	14.127∗∗∗²⁾
	Femora neck	990.71 ± 0.01	990.72 ± 0.01	990.79 ± 0.01	990.64 ± 0.01	990.62 ± 90.02	990.69 ± 0.01	14.386∗∗∗
	Lumbar spine	990.95 ± 0.01	990.98 ± 0.02	990.91 ± 0.01	990.82 ± 0.02	990.81 ± 90.02	990.91 ± 0.01	20.867∗∗∗
T-score	Total femur	990.04 ± 0.08	990.13 ± 0.1	9−0.17 ± 0.09	9−0.74 ± 0.11	9−1.05 ± 90.14	9−0.24 ± 0.05	23.298∗∗∗
	Femora neck	9−0.06 ± 0.08	9−0.68 ± 0.11	9−1.03 ± 0.09	9−1.64 ± 0.11	9−1.96 ± 90.14	9−1.04 ± 0.05	30.305∗∗∗
	Lumbar spine	9−0.26 ± 0.09	9−0.13 ± 0.11	9−0.88 ± 0.1	9−1.56 ± 0.14	9−1.72 ± 90.19	9−0.75 ± 0.06	35.984∗∗∗
Blood pressure	Systolic (mmHg)	104.83 ± 0.87	111.94 ± 1.27	120.94 ± 1.74	129.73 ± 1.93	135.32 ± 92.23	117.41 ± 0.82	67.012∗∗∗
Blood pressure	Diastolic (mmHg)	970.21 ± 0.62	974.12 ± 0.88	977.52 ± 0.91	979.18 ± 0.99	976.71 ± 91.35	974.84 ± 0.42	18.123∗∗∗
Total -cholesterol (mg/dL)		180.82 ± 2.91	193.30 ± 3.01	199.68 ± 2.95	201.89 ± 3.62	195.72 ± 95.59	192.72 ± 1.56	97.217∗∗∗
Triglyceride (mg/dL)		991.23 ± 5.10	105.45 ± 5.20	126.44 ± 8.66	146.18 ± 8.85	160.47 ± 11.79	118.83 ± 3.44	13.935∗∗∗
Vitamin D (µg)		913.91 ± 0.41	913.27 ± 0.41	915.31 ± 0.67	915.03 ± 0.61	915.86 ± 91.3	914.44 ± 0.27	92.897∗
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)		194.33 ± 5.15	195.89 ± 4.63	234.14 ± 6.31	249.83 ± 7.52	255.52 ± 14.25	216.12 ± 3.23	21.529∗∗∗

1) Mean ± SD

2) Significantly different between groups by ANOVA ∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 4.

BMD of normal and risk of the subjects by age and T-score, blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride

30 − 39 (145)			40 − 49 (110)			50 − 59 (102)			60 − 69 (85)			70 (57) ≥			Total (499)			F-value
Normal (109)	Osteop-enia (32)	Osteoporosis (4)	Normal (77)	Osteop-enia (29)	Osteoporosis (4)	Normal (41)	Osteop-enia (53)	Osteoporosis (8)	Normal (21)	Osteop-enia (30)	Osteoporosis (34)	Normal (10)	Osteop-enia (19)	Osteoporosis (28)	Normal (258)	Osteop-enia (163)	Osteoporosis (78)	F-value
T-score Total femur 990.32 ± 990.08¹⁾	9–0.70 ± 990.12	9–1.45 ± 990.39	990.53 ± 990.10	9–0.65 ± 990.11	9–1.98 ± 990.15 9 9	990.47 ± 990.10	9–0.49 ± 990.09	9–1.35 ± 990.28	990.39 ± 990.10	9–0.73 ± 990.12	9–1.45 ± 990.14	990.33 ± 990.16	9–0.71 ± 990.16	9–1.79 ± 990.12	990.41 ± 990.05	9–0.63 ± 990.05	9–1.59 ± 990.09	259.947∗∗∗
Femora neck 9–0.25 ± 990.08	9–1.59 ± 990.10	9–1.87 ± 990.56	9–0.22 ± 990.11	9–1.62 ± 990.09	9–2.76 ± 990.15 9 9	9–0.28 ± 990.10	9–1.42 ± 990.08	9–2.33 ± 990.23	9–0.36 ± 990.09	9–1.70 ± 990.09	9–2.37 ± 990.12	9–0.48 ± 990.23	9–1.66 ± 990.16	9–2.68 ± 990.11	9–0.26 ± 990.05	9–1.57 ± 990.05	9–2.47 ± 990.69	349.571∗∗∗
Lumar spine 990.09 ± 990.09	9–1.18 ± 990.14	9–2.37 ± 990.19	990.25 ± 990.11	9–0.84 ± 990.12	9–2.22 ± 991.03 9 9	9–0.11 ± 990.10	9–1.26 ± 990.11	9–2.31 ± 990.35	9–0.15 ± 990.12	9–1.44 ± 990.14	9–2.54 ± 990.18	9–0.28 ± 990.17	9–1.25 ± 990.18	9–2.56 ± 990.26	990.07 ± 990.05	9–1.2 9± 990.06	9–2.59 ± 990.14	281.027∗∗∗
pressureSystolic 105.22 ± Blood 990.98	102.03 ± 991.99	108.25 ± 994.61	112.06 ± 991.6	110.17 ± 992.33	109.75 ± 993.82 1 9	120.59 ± 992.43	121.42 ± 992.70	114.50 ± 995.34	126.81 ± 993.18	130.73 ± 993.74	129.76 ± 992.83	138.60 ± 994.66	133.53 ± 994.29	133.82 ± 993.13	113.06 ± 990.96	119.32 ± 991.59	127.84 ± 992.01	922.632∗∗∗
Diastolic971.10 ± 990.67	968.31 ± 991.54	971.00 ± 995.24	974.26 ± 991.14	973.45 ± 991.56	72.50 ± 993.30 9 9	977.54 ± 991.40	977.89 ± 991.43	974.13 ± 993.31	979.29 ± 991.84	978.40 ± 991.60	979.06 ± 991.71	979.20 ± 993.55	976.05 ± 992.56	975.11 ± 991.85	973.99 ± 990.55	975.25 ± 990.79	976.75 ± 991.09	992.809
Total -cholesterol (mg/dL) 180.18 ± 993.42	182.41 ± 996.84	188.50 ± 912.63	193.51 ± 993.74	197.86 ± 995.52	158.75 ± 998.12 2 9	200.49 ± 994.73	200.22 ± 994.34	194.00 ± 911.95	208.05 ± 997.50	201.00 ± 996.82	198.38 ± 996.48	211.40 ± 910.43	178.53 ± 999.65	201.79 ± 998.05	190.29 ± 992.11	194.00 ± 992.73	196.62 ± 994.21	991.025
Triglyceride (mg/dL) 989.09 ± 995.67	998.38 ± 912.43	992.25 ± 928.78	101.70 ± 995.86	120.48 ± 911.85	968.50 ± 915.41 1 9	128.29 ± 916.52	125.70 ± 910.66	121.88 ± 936.42	155.33 ± 920.23	139.57 ± 912.40	146.35 ± 914.95	182.90 ± 912.93	134.79 ± 911.23	169.89 ± 921.99	108.11 ± 994.48	123.02 ± 995.39	145.53 ± 911.25	997.649∗∗

¹⁾ Mean ± SD ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 5.

Nutrients intake of the subjects by age

	30 − 39 (140)	40 − 49 (100)	50 − 59 (97)	60 − 69 (77)	70 (55) ≥	Total (469)	F-value
Energy (kcal)	1,822.10 ± 963.16¹⁾	1,841.86 ± 974.73	1,651.03 ± 960.15	1,614.71 ± 956.40	1,324.94 ± 966.68	1,698.58 ± 931.01	97.383²⁾∗∗∗
Water (g)	1,015.45 ± 952.93	1,890.05 ± 946.31	1,861.50 ± 950.13	1,804.45 ± 962.48	1,488.66 ± 940.17	1,860.45 ± 925.08	10.334∗∗∗
Protein (g)	1,569.40 ± 992.82	1,565.30 ± 993.08	1,558.24 ± 992.64	1,554.40 ± 992.69	1,540.41 ± 992.42	1,560.35 ± 991.37	12.096∗∗∗
Carbohydrate (g)	1,289.74 ± 910.35	1,308.75 ± 913.25	1,285.18 ± 910.32	1,293.83 ± 910.23	1,251.79 ± 912.82	1,289.07 ± 995.24	92.323
Fat (g)	1,542.18 ± 992.24	1,539.14 ± 992.73	1,531.22 ± 992.20	1,527.08 ± 992.25	1,518.86 ± 991.89	1,534.05 ± 991.14	13.111∗∗∗
Crud fiber (g)	1,956.48 ± 990.38	1,957.36 ± 990.48	1,957.08 ± 990.47	1,957.23 ± 990.53	1,955.17 ± 990.50	1,956.76 ± 990.21	94.902∗∗
Calcium (mg)	1,532.03 ± 927.08	1,512.46 ± 929.19	1,444.39 ± 924.66	1,448.90 ± 931.96	1,351.43 ± 931.97	1,474.88 ± 913.32	94.902∗∗
Phosphorus (mg)	1,127.66 ± 942.39	1,117.45 ± 943.67	1,013.41 ± 938.45	1,000.42 ± 944.78	1,766.05 ± 940.89	1,038.56 ± 920.28	98.244∗∗∗
Iron (mg)	1,512.85 ± 990.60	1,914.39 ± 990.77	1,512.85 ± 990.66	1,512.91 ± 990.96	1,959.04 ± 990.76	1,912.74 ± 990.34	94.974∗∗
Sodium(mg)	4,215.37 ± 190.19	4,707.83 ± 302.02	4,300.07 ± 289.71	4,179.94 ± 341.21	3,299.53 ± 332.50	4,224.67 ± 125.72	92.428∗
Potassium (mg)	2,886.09 ± 116.17	2,957.96 ± 141.28	2,775.27 ± 125.16	2,698.19 ± 160.45	1,853.61 ± 127.82	2,726.56 ± 962.46	97.364∗∗∗
Vitamin A (µgRE)	1,832.33 ± 961.91	1,854.08 ± 959.04	1,824.13 ± 126.81	1,653.37 ± 977.15	1,475.76 ± 117.59	1,764.07 ± 939.48	92.54∗
Thiamine (mg)	1,951.24 ± 990.50	1,951.22 ± 990.06	1,951.04 ± 990.05	1,951.09 ± 990.06	1,950.89 ± 990.07	1,951.12 ± 990.03	98.031∗∗∗
Riboflavin (µg)	1,951.26 ± 990.06	1,951.22 ± 990.06	1,951.04 ± 990.05	1,950.92 ± 990.06	1,950.69 ± 990.06	1,951.08 ± 990.03	13.467∗∗∗
Niacin (µg)	1,515.84 ± 990.63	1,515.59 ± 990.71	1,514.17 ± 990.67	1,512.96 ± 990.66	1,958.84 ± 990.50	1,514.15 ± 990.32	12.983∗∗∗
Vitamin C (mg)	1,129.99 ± 910.46	1,122.25 ± 999.96	1,113.87 ± 998.76	1,107.79 ± 911.43	1,558.87 ± 996.19	1,113.09 ± 994.73	95.239∗∗∗

¹⁾ Mean ± SD ∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 6.

Food habits of the study subjects by the age categories

		30 − 39	40 − 49	50 − 59	60 − 69	70 ≥	Total	χ²-value
		(140)	(100)	(97)	(77)	(55)	(469)	χ²-value
Eating breakfast	Yes	111 (79.3)¹⁾	83 (83.0)	83 (85.6)	73 (94.8)	51 (92.7)	401	12.561∗
Eating breakfast	No	29 (20.7)	17 (17.0)	14 (14.4)	4 (65.2)	4 (67.2)	68	12.561∗
Eating lunch	Yes	131 (93.6)	94 (94.0)	94 (96.9)	73 (94.8)	52 (94.5)	444	61.390
Eating lunch	No	9 (66.4)	6 (66.0)	3 (63.1)	4 (65.2)	3 (65.5)	25	61.390
Eating dinner	Yes	136 (97.1)	94 (94.0)	94 (96.9)	73 (94.8)	53 (96.4)	450	62.003
Eating dinner	No	4 (62.9)	6 (66.0)	3 (63.1)	4 (65.2)	2 (63.6)	19	62.003
Healthy food	Yes	57 (40.7)	49 (49.0)	60 (61.9)	44 (57.1)	29 (52.7)	239	11.889∗
Healthy food	No	83 (59.3)	51 (51.0)	37 (38.1)	33 (42.9)	26 (47.3)	230	11.889∗
Frequency of eating out	5∼6 times over/week	31 (22.1)	26 (26.0)	26 (26.8)	2 (62.6)	1 (61.8)	86	84.198∗∗∗
	3∼4 time/week	12 (68.6)	15 (15.0)	7 (67.2)	5 (66.5)	2 (63.6)	41
	1∼4 time/month	94 (67.1)	54 (54.0)	50 (51.5)	56 (72.7)	32 (58.2)	286
	Not at all	3 (62.1)	5 (65.0)	14 (14.4)	14 (18.2)	20 (36.4)	56
Frequency of fried food intake	4∼6 times/week	0	2 (62.0)	0	1 (61.3)	2 (63.6)	5	94.859∗∗∗
	2∼3 times/week	11 (67.9)	4 (64.0)	2 (62.1)	1 (61.3)	1 (61.8)	19
	1 times/week	107 (76.4)	61 (61.0)	47 (48.4)	22 (28.6)	15 (27.3)	252
	Not at all	22 (15.7)	33 (33.0)	48 (49.5)	53 (68.8)	37 (67.3)	193

¹⁾ N (%)

^∗ : p < 0.05, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 7.

The correlation coefficients between BMD and anthro-pometrics, age, food habit and nutrients intakes

Correlation coefficients (r)
Anthropometrics and body composition	Height	−0.315∗∗
	Weight	−0.230∗∗
	Waist circumference	−0.062
Age and food habits	BMI	−0.063
	SBP	−0.213∗∗
	DBP	−0.052
	Total -cholesterol	−0.010
	Triglyceride	−0.113∗
	ALP	−0.320∗∗
	Vitamin D	−0.068
	Age	−0.456∗∗
	Whether or not eat breakfast	−0.052
	Healthy food	−0.045
	Frequency of eating out	−0.174∗∗
	Frequency of fried food intake	−0.125∗∗
Nutrient intake	Energy	−0.059
	Water	−0.137∗∗
	Protein	−0.171∗∗
	Fat	−0.206∗∗
	Carbohydrate	−0.067
	Crude fiber	−0.018
	Calcium	−0.109∗
	Phosphors	−0.106∗
	Iron	−0.060
	Sodium	−0.088
	Potassium	−0.077
	Vitamin A	−0.131∗∗
	Thiamine	−0.097∗
	Riboflavin	−0.155∗∗
	Niacin	−0.138∗∗
	Vitamin C	−0.056

^∗ : p < 0.05, ∗∗: p < 0.01

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