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Yoon and Song: Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women
Research Article

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2014; 19(3): 231-240.

Published online: 30 June 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.3.231

Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women

Jin-Sook Yoon, Min-Kyoung Song

Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

Corresponding author: Jin-Sook Yoon. Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, 1000 Shindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, Korea. Tel: (053) 580-5873, Fax: (053) 580-5885, jsook@kmu.ac.kr

Received 25 February 2014       Revised 1 June 2014       Accepted 16 June 2014

Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was intended to examine the seasonal differences in outdoor activity times and dietary vitamin D intakes, and explicates their relative impact on improving serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status among Korean young women.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 free-living women aged 19-39 years in Daegu-Kyungbook, Korea. We compared the results from 52 women for the summer and 83 women for the winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24 hour recall method for non-consecutive three days as well as by food frequency method. Daily outdoor activity times were derived from 24 hour physical activity diary.

Results

The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants by 24 hour recall method was 3.1 µg during the summer, 3.3 µg during the winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. Times spent on outdoor activities (p < 0.01) in the summer (= 23.8 ± 23.6 min) were much longer than that in the winter (= 10.8 ± 13.4 min). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of participants were 17.5 ± 7.5 ng/mL in the summer and 13.4 ± 4.3 ng/mL in the winter, showing that the latter was significantly lower than that of the former (p < 0.001). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of subjects were positively related to outdoor activities (r = 0.315, p < 0.05) during the summer, while related to dietary intake (r = 0.252, p < 0.05) during the winter.

Conclusions

In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean young women, nutrition education programs should focus on increasing more dietary intake especially during the winter, and performing more outdoor activities in other seasons.

Keywords: Young women, outdoor activity, serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D, vitamin D intake

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
Distribution of circulating levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D for summer and winter.
kjcn-19-231-g001
Table 1
Physical characteristics of the study subjects by season
kjcn-19-231-i001

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

4) Body mass index

5) Bone mineral density

Table 2
Bone health status of the study subjects by season
kjcn-19-231-i002

1) T-score ≥ -1.0

2) n (%)

3) T-score < -1.0

Table 3
Daily energy and nutrient intake of the study subjects by season
kjcn-19-231-i003

1) %KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; %AI(Adequate intake) for Na, K, vitamin D, % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients

2) Independent sample t-test

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 4
Distribution of the level of vitamin D intake of the study subjects by 24hr recall method
kjcn-19-231-i004

1) n (%)

Table 5
The intakes of vitamin D estimated from the food frequency method
kjcn-19-231-i005

1) Independent Sample t-test

2) Unit: µg/day

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 6
Time spent on outdoor activities by season
kjcn-19-231-i006

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Unit: minutes

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 7
Serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D by season
kjcn-19-231-i007

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 8
Distribution of serum 25-(OH) vitamin D level
kjcn-19-231-i008

1) n (%)

Table 9
Correlation coefficients between serum 25-(OH) vitamin D and the results of physiological characteristics, BMD, hours of outdoor activity, vitamin D intake
kjcn-19-231-i009

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01

Notes

This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST 2010-0241)

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